TB stigma in India: A narrative review of types of stigma, gender differences, and potential interventions

• Madeline E. Carwile ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: carwileme@gmail.com

  ¶☯ These authors are co-first authors on this work.

  Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6648-830X

  ⨯
• Senbagavalli Prakash Babu ,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  ¶☯ These authors are co-first authors on this work.

  Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India

  ⨯
• Chelsie Cintron,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-1061

  ⨯
• Madolyn Dauphinais,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-9788

  ⨯
• Susie Jiaxing Pan,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Mahalakshmi Thulasingam,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-2855

  ⨯
• C. Robert Horsburgh Jr.,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7895

  ⨯
• Sonali Sarkar,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India

  ⨯
• Natasha S. Hochberg,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Lora L. Sabin,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-542X

  ⨯
• David Flynn,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Medical Sciences & Education, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7494-2098

  ⨯
• Blessina Kumar,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Global Coalition of TB Advocates, New Delhi, India

  ⨯
• Pranay Sinha ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ PS and UBS are co-senior authors on this work.

  Affiliations Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Urvashi B. Singh

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ PS and UBS are co-senior authors on this work.

  Affiliation All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

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