Prevalence of and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe: Results from population-based nationally representative surveys

• Andreas D. Haas ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Andreas D. Haas, Elizabeth Radin

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: andreas.haas@ispm.unibe.ch

  Affiliations ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-181X

  ⨯
• Elizabeth Radin ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Andreas D. Haas, Elizabeth Radin

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  ⨯
• Sehin Birhanu,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-4772

  ⨯
• Andrea J. Low,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-4556

  ⨯
• Suzue Saito,

  Roles Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-5736

  ⨯
• Karampreet Sachathep,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  ⨯
• Shirish Balachandra,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harare, Zimbabwe

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4970-5939

  ⨯
• Julius Manjengwa,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-4218

  ⨯
• Yen T. Duong,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  ⨯
• Sasi Jonnalagadda,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6334-3156

  ⨯
• Danielle Payne,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-0540

  ⨯
• George Bello,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi

  ⨯
• Avi J. Hakim,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6754-6241

  ⨯
• Theo Smart,

  Roles Validation, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1861-293X

  ⨯
• Nahima Ahmed,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

  ⨯
• Juliana Cuervo-Rojas,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8888-9411

  ⨯
• Andrew Auld,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5089-9163

  ⨯
• Hetal Patel,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-2591

  ⨯
• Bharat Parekh,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-4263

  ⨯
• Daniel B. Williams,

  Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-5748

  ⨯
• Danielle T. Barradas,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lusaka, Zambia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-943X

  ⨯
• Owen Mugurungi,

  Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe

  ⨯
• Lloyd B. Mulenga,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Government of Zambia, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia

  ⨯
• Andrew C. Voetsch,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0783-1312

  ⨯
•  [ ... ],
• Jessica E. Justman

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICAP, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

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