About the Authors

Marah G. Chibwana

Contributed equally to this work with: Marah G. Chibwana, Herbert W. Thole, Cat Anscombe

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Herbert W. Thole

Contributed equally to this work with: Marah G. Chibwana, Herbert W. Thole, Cat Anscombe

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Cat Anscombe

Contributed equally to this work with: Marah G. Chibwana, Herbert W. Thole, Cat Anscombe

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Philip M. Ashton

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Edward Green

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Kayla G. Barnes

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, University of Glasgow MRC Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Jen Cornick

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ann Turner

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Desiree Witte

Roles Project administration

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Sharon Nthala

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Chikondi Thom

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Felistas Kanyandula

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Anna Ainani

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Natasha Mtike

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Hope Tambala

Roles Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Blantyre District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Blantyre, Malawi

Veronica N’goma

Roles Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Dorah Mwafulirwa

Roles Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Erick Asima

Roles Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Ben Morton

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Markus Gmeiner

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi

Zaziwe Gundah

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Blantyre District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Blantyre, Malawi

Gift Kawalazira

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration

Affiliation Blantyre District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Blantyre, Malawi

Neil French

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Nicholas Feasey

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Robert S. Heyderman

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Todd D. Swarthout

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Kondwani C. Jambo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Kondwani.Jambo@lstmed.ac.uk, kjambo@mlw.mw

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.