Fig 1.
Maps of Global Exports to the U.S. and China in 2000 (Left) and 2020 (Right).
a. Export volumes from countries to the U.S. and China, alongside their relative total CO₂ emissions in 2000 and 2020. Node size is scaled by each country’s total CO₂ emissions in the respective year, with node color transitioning from light to dark blue to reflect increasing emissions levels. Edge thickness represents the export volume from the source country to the target country (U.S. or China), with edge color varying from light orange to dark red to indicate higher export volumes. The maps were generated using the map of countries plugin in Gephi (https://gephi.org/desktop/plugins/mapofcountries/). b. Bivariate maps of export shares to the U.S. and China in 2000 and 2020, categorized into three groups: less than 2%, 2%–10%, and greater than or equal to 10%. The maps were generated in Stata version 18 using a shapefile from the dataset “World Administrative Boundaries – Countries,” accessible at: https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/assets/world-administrative-boundaries-countries/. Due to missing data in 2022, we primarily use 2020 data in the main analysis to present geopolitical information on total national emissions and export volumes to the U.S. and China. The maps for the year 2022 are included in S1 Fig.
Fig 2.
Coefficient plots of Short-Run and Long-Run Elasticities of Export Volumes and Shares to the U.S. and China on Total CO₂ Emissions, 2000–2022.
Fig 3.
Export Shares and Volumes to China and the U.S. by Sector in 2000 and 2022.