Table 1.
Basin-wide and zone-wise spatial characteristics of Swat River Basin estimated from DEM for SRM application.
Fig 1.
Study area map of the Swat River Basin. a) Location of Swat River Basin in Pakistan and HKH, and b) Digital elevation model (DEM) of Swat River Basin showing the elevation variation and superimposed by hydro-meteorological stations, streamlines and glacier cover.
HKH boundary was downloaded from Regional Dataset System (RDS) portal [32] of ICIMOD. Country Shapefile was downloaded from open access Natural Earth data portal (Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster mapdata@naturalearthdata.com).
Table 2.
Information related to flow gauge and meteorological stations used in this study for the period 2005‒2015.
Table 3.
Temperature lapse rates between weather stations calculated from the available temperature data of all weather stations in the Swat River Basin.
Table 4.
Pixel values (codes) and their description for the MOYDGL06* improved snow and glacier product [50,51].
Fig 2.
Flowchart outlining the systematic approach employed in research methodology.
Table 5.
Variables and Parameters used in SRM and their units.
Table 6.
Annual and seasonal summer variation in mean temperature and precipitation for mid-21st (2046‒2065) and late-21st century (2081‒2100) in the IRB [6].
Fig 3.
Basin-wide hydro-climatological data of the Swat River Basin (SRB) showing monthly mean discharge and total precipitation, monthly mean temperature variation and monthly mean snow cover area (SCA) over the data period 2005‒2015.
Fig 4.
Mean monthly basin-wide snow cover variation over the period of 2005‒2015 in the study area.
Table 7.
Parametric values of SRM for simulation of basin-wide and zone-wise river discharge from the Swat River Basin.
Table 8.
SRM’s efficiency over calibration (2005‒2009) and validation (2011‒2015) period using basin-wide and zone-wise application for simulation of river discharge in the study area.
Fig 5.
Spatial variation in the basin-wide mean monthly SCA of the Swat River Basin over data period 2005‒2015.
Fig 6.
Mean monthly zonal (a) SCA, and (b) temperature variations in the Swat River Basin during 2005–2015.
Fig 7.
Basin-wide evaluation of SRM efficiency in simulating melting season (April to September) river discharge during the calibration (2005‒2009) and validation (2011‒2015) period for the Swat River Basin.
Fig 8.
Zone-wise evaluation of SRM efficiency in simulating melting season (April to September) river discharge during the calibration (2005‒2009) and validation (2011‒2015) period for the Swat River Basin.
Fig 9.
Correlation of measured and simulated discharge over a period of 2005–2015 for the (a) basin-wide application, (b) zone-wise application, and (c) between basin-wide and zone-wise simulated discharges.
Fig 10.
Simulation of annual (April-March) and summer (April-September) discharge under RCP climate change scenarios for the (a-b) mid-21st century (2046‒2065) and (c-d) the late-21st century (2081‒2100).