Fig 1.
Average 1992-2021 CO2 difference from a CGO baseline.
NOAA sites (red circles) and GASLAB sites (blue crosses, connected by a blue line) from the CGO baseline as a function of latitude (site details are in S1 Text). The dashed red line is a schematic representing a lower envelope of NOAA Northern Hemisphere data. I tried to replace the caption to Fig 1. but your system will not allow me to make changes to crossed text. All the changes to the all the figure captions have been uploaded. Please insert them in the appropriate places.
Fig 2.
Evidence of the 2010-2015 anomaly in CGO raw data and MLO-CGO difference.
a. Individual GASLAB CO2 (C), left axis, dark colour) and δ13CO2*CO2 (δ. C), right axis, light colour) from Mauna Loa (MLO, red) and Cape Grim (CGO, blue), including quadratic fits (extrapolated dashed curves) to each data set. The ellipse identifies data below the CGO quadratic. b. The 12-month running mean of CMLO – CCGO. Ellipses highlight the 2009–2015 anomalya. Individual GASLAB CO2 (C), left axis, dark colour) and δ13CO2*C (δ. C, right axis, light colour) from Mauna Loa (MLO, red) and Cape Grim (CGO, blue), including quadratic fits (extrapolated dashed curves) to each data set. The ellipse identifies data below the CGO quadratic. Fig 2b. The 12-month running mean of CMLO – CCGO. Ellipses highlight the 2009–2015 anomaly.
Fig 3.
Global consistency of NH and SH annual residuals from MLO and CGO quadratic trends attributed to fossil emissions.
Step plots distinguish MLO (NH, red dots) and CGO (blue) from xy plots for other sites in each hemisphere (SH, blue/green; ALT orange dots). a. C residuals, with latitude offsets included in the legend. b. δ.C residuals. No normalisation offset is required for δ.C plots with ALT the only exception (see text). Shading highlights the persisting CO2 anomalies below zero in 2009–2015.
Fig 4.
Annual residuals for CGO (blue), MLO (red dot) and ALT (purple dash).
a. Comparison of the annual C residuals (Cres) in ppm on the left axis, with ENSO variation, using SOI* = SOI for the previous year (right axis, black). b. Variability of C* (left axis), the C residual adjusted for SOI influence using the slope of a linear regression through CGO C residuals and SOI* variation. Detrended GCP terrestrial (green) and ocean (light blue) flux interannual variations (right axis, see text).
Fig 5.
Comparison of anomaly (shaded) in amount versus growth rate.
a. Time series of annual residuals from hemispheric MLO and CGO baselines for different combinations of MLO and CGO or SPO data with the 2009–2015 CO2 anomaly, shown by shading. b. Corresponding annual growth rates, calculated from the same data, with the anomaly not clearly discernible. Growth rates are plotted halfway between the two years defining them as their difference.
Fig 6.
Indices for N to S atmospheric transport.
a. Negative annual average NAO, indicating within NH mixing. b. Mean interhemispheric transport indices (Jun–Nov), with negative ω300P (pink, left axis) tracking the strength of convection in the NH Pacific Hadley cell, and negative v200P (blue, right axis) the North–to–South wind near the top of the NH Hadley cell. c. Eddy interhemispheric transport.a. Negative annual average NAO, indicating NH mixing. b. Mean interhemispheric transport indices (Jun–Nov), with negative (pink, left axis) tracking the strength of convection in the NH Pacific Hadley cell, and negative
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Table 1.
Correlation coefficients of CO2 residuals at CGO and MLO with ENSO indices, SOI and Niño3.4, at the same year and previous year (bold).