Fig 1.
We developed 10 climate metrics that span the annual cycle of winegrowing.
See Methods for more details on each metric.
Fig 2.
Locations of winegrowing regions included in our analyses, grouped by the United Nations geographical subregions.
The base layer of the map comes from Natural Earth, a site whose data are public domain (see https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/).
Fig 3.
Comparisons of climate metrics (in natural units: °C, days or mm) assuming a single variety’s phenology (Pinot noir) for all regions (horizontal-axis), versus adjusting by a region’s variety plantings (vertical-axis), colored by world regions (as show in Fig 2), using climate data from 1980 onward.
We show the 1:1 line and the root mean square error (RMSE, also in natural units).
Fig 4.
Shifts in climate metrics in standardized (standard deviation—SD) units after significant anthropogenic climate change (1980–2018) standardized to a baseline of 1950–1979 climate (gray line at 0).
Means (dots) and 1 SD (lines) shown.
Fig 5.
Comparisons of climate metrics in natural units (°C, days or mm) before (1950–1979) and after significant anthropogenic climate change (1980–2018) for major metrics, colored by world regions (as show in Fig 2).
For a version showing only means and SD see Fig 2.