Fig 1.
Conceptual diagram mapping the climate change-aquatic food systems-gender nexus.
Reference to colors, lines’ styles, directions, and sheds in Fig 1: Climate change poses a risk (solid arrow) to the different food system outcomes: Health and nutrition, gender equity & women’s empowerment, environmental outcomes, social cohesion & well-being, and economic outcomes & livelihoods (red boxes). Climate risk (light green box) is a combination of climate hazards (climate change drivers impacting on different aquatic food systems), exposure (dependency on aquatic food systems for consumption, income, socio-cultural practices, and environmental protection, mediated by where aquatic food production is taking place), and vulnerability (constructed as a combination of sensitivity and adaptive capacity, as measured by indicators like wealth, economic inclusion, and education). Issues of agency, norms, access & resource control, and governance & policy (blue box) shape the dimensions of gender (in)equality in climate exposure, vulnerability, and interventions (blue lines). Climate change interventions (dark green box)–climate mitigation, climate adaptation, and actions to enhance the resilience of aquatic food-dependent communities–can target the different contributors to climate risk as well as dimensions of gender (in)equality (dashed arrows). The impacts of climate change on food system outcomes will further shape climate exposure, vulnerability, and gender (in)equalities (dotted arrows).
Table 1.
Definitions of key terms used in the conceptual framework that maps the climate change-aquatic food systems-gender nexus.
Fig 2.
The PRISMA flow chart of the selection process for studies that examine climate-resilient aquatic food systems and gender and intersectional inequalities.
Table 2.
Distribution of included papers by year of publication, location, methodology and sample size.
Fig 3.
Percentage distribution of worldwide employment at the different stages of the fish value chain by men and women.
Source: Analysis by the authors based on data from the Illuminating Hidden Harvests study (FAO, Duke University, WorldFish, 2022).
Fig 4.
Percentage access to resources for women and men aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh.
All differences are statistically significant with a p-value smaller than 0.01. Source: Analysis by the authors based on the Bangladesh Integrated Household survey (2020).
Fig 5.
Time spent (in minutes) on different activities by women and men aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh.
All differences are statistically significant with a p-value smaller than 0.01.Source: Analysis by the authors based on the Bangladesh Integrated Household survey (2020).
Fig 6.
Percentage influence on community decision-making by women and men aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh.
All differences are statistically significant with a p-value smaller than 0.01.Source: Analysis by the authors based on the Bangladesh Integrated Household survey (2020).