Fig 1.
When developing climate services for climate-sensitive infectious diseases (CSIDs), stakeholders across multiple sectors are involved.
Therefore, developing comprehensive public health action requires collaboration, cooperation, communication, and an understanding of common goals and outcomes, as well as recognition of the contributions from different parts of the stakeholder community to the decision-making and response processes [12].
Fig 2.
Partners involved in the co-production of the Early Warning System (EWS).
Top left: National-level partners; top right: Regional partners; bottom right: Academic institutions and inter-governmental organizations; bottom left: Funders who have supported this process. All partners excluding funders were present at the 2022 regional meeting where we discussed early warning system opportunities and challenges for implementation. Partners present at the meeting are co-authors on the paper.
Fig 3.
The co-production of climate services, information, and resources for the health sector is an important step in addressing the health impacts of climate change and variability.
It is critical that the health sector is equipped with proper climate services that can help to reduce negative health outcomes and crises [21,22].
Fig 4.
Timeline of past co-authored work, in-person key meetings, and funding mechanisms.
Top Row lists co-authored papers resulting from years of dynamic collaboration ordered by the year published. Middle row in light blue are key in person meetings with partners and stakeholders to advance the co-production and implementation of the EWS. Bottom row in dark teal are funding mechanisms and associate project names. From left to right, funder followed by project name: USAID, Building Regional Climate Capacity in the Caribbean, Development of health-climate spatio-temporal modeling framework for the Caribbean, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) via the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience, Regional Health Audit of Climate and Vector Borne Diseases Data, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) via the University of West Indies (UWI), Vector Borne Diseases and Gender Dynamics Study in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) via the University of West Indies (UWI), Integrating Climate Variability into Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. Red Cross Climate Centre (RCCC), Impact-based forecasting for epidemics. European Development Fund, Developing, Designing, Piloting and Implementing an Early Warning System Integrating Climate Variability for Climate Sensitive Diseases in Order to Support Public Health Planning in the Caribbean. This project funding was extended twice, the first time to include new funding for implementation /co-delivery and then again to include funding for monitoring and evaluation. Wellcome Trust, IDExtremes: Co-production of a modelling tool to predict the probability of infectious disease outbreaks given compound extreme climatic events. European Development Fund, the Implementation of a vector borne disease focused public education campaign in one CARPHA member state.
Fig 5.
Example of guiding questions used to create predictive models for the climate-driven Dengue EWS in Barbados by Lowe et al. 2018 [9].
Fig 6.
Example of guiding questions used in the development of the implementation framework for climate-driven Dengue EWS.
Fig 7.
Visual representation of implementation framework and guiding questions for climate services for the health sector.
See S1 Annex for extended list format.