Fig 1.
The number of records in our literature search, identified through various sources, and the number of records remaining after screening and assessing for eligibility, used to explore how weather, climate, and climate change affect outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in the United States.
Reporting template modified from Moher et al. [16]. WoS = Web of Science.
Fig 2.
The papers published by year included in this review that were used to explore how weather, climate, and climate change affect outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in the United States, and the setting of each paper.
The 82 papers in this review include papers through Dec 13, 2022. Setting categories are mutually exclusive; if one paper had multiple settings, it was included in one of the categories labelled “various.” NPS = National Park Service; NA = not applicable.
Fig 3.
The number of papers in this review by state that were used to explore how weather, climate, and climate change affect outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in the United States.
In addition, 16 papers had study sites in 10+ states (not included on the map). The map was created in R using the urbnmpr package, which gets state boundary data from the U.S. Census Bureau [25, 26].
Fig 4.
The specific activities studied, as well as the types of human-dimensions (HD) data papers used to explore how weather, climate, and climate change affect outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in the United States.
Although there are 82 papers in the review, numbers do not sum to 82 because not every paper studied a specific activity, and some papers used more than one type of HD data.
Table 1.
A summary of how temperature (temp) and precipitation affect participation in various recreational activities in the United States.
Sample sizes (n) represent the number of studies in this review that each generalization is based on. N/A = not applicable.