Fig 1.
The Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area in Australia.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A is the Wallaman Falls, B the Wooroonooran National Park, C the Crater Lakes National Park, and D the Barron Gorge National Park.
Fig 2.
The Great Barrier reef in Australia.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research or used with Permission from Reef Magic. Note: A shows a Barramundi cod on Moore reef, B sea turtles at Arlington Reef, C an aerial view of Michaelmas Reef, D an aerial view of Oyster Reef, E a clown fish on Moore reef.
Fig 3.
The structure and goals of the reef restoration and adaptation program in Australia.
Source: [51] and republished under a CCBY license.
Table 1.
Overview of expert research interview respondents for radical climate interventions (N = 23).
Table 2.
Overview of field research and site visits for radical climate interventions (N = 23).
Fig 4.
Selected locations of site visits in Australia (October 2022).
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A the sugarcane plantation where the enhanced weathering trials were ongoing in Gordonvale; B the site of GBR biology research station on the Great Barrier Reef; C one member of the research team inspecting Moore reef. Image B is used with permission from Reef Magic.
Fig 5.
Overview of coral breeding and selective breeding being undertaken at the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A shows coral larvae propagation, B thermal tolerance testing, C simulated coral bleaching exposed to indoor light, D simulations exposed to outdoor light.
Fig 6.
Extent and frequency of coral bleaching events across 100 reef locations from 1980 to 2017.
Source: [49], republished under a CC-BY 4.0 license.
Fig 7.
Deployment of marine cloud brightening and fogging on the Great Barrier reef.
Source: Photographs courtesy of Southern Cross University. A shows a balloon being launched for marine cloud brightening, B fogging off the back of a ferry near Magnetic Island, C researchers testing various nozzle sizes and diffusion patterns.
Fig 8.
Ecosystem restoration and community reforestation efforts in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A shows forest regeneration near the Crater Lakes, B mangrove restoration in the Wet Tropics near Etty Bay.
Fig 9.
Proportional trends in land tenure and forest management in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area from 1992 to 2013.
Source: [46], based on data from the Wet Tropics Management Authority.
Table 3.
The multitude of co-benefits with forest protection in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area.
Fig 10.
Sources of industrial carbon emissions and environmental pollution surrounding the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A shows crude oil tankers being unfueled in the Port of Townsville, B a power plant fueled by coal seam gas near the Forest Boundary, C the Tully Sugar Refinery, D the coal- and oil-fired Palmer Nickel and Cobalt Refinery.
Fig 11.
The enhanced weathering trial in Gordonvale, Australia.
Source: All photographs taken by the authors during field research. Note: A shows the sugarcane crop before application, B the soil amendments and C the weathered basalt that had been in the field for approximately one year.
Table 4.
Complex interactions and governance dynamics in radical climate interventions.
Fig 12.
Conceptualizing technology-level risks for four radical climate protection Measure.
Source: Authors, based on the qualitative data described in Section 4.
Fig 13.
Conceptualizing system-level risks for four radical climate protection measures.
Source: Authors, based on the qualitative data described in Section 4.