Fig 1.
Rainfall regimes of Ethiopia after publications from [14].
Fig 2.
Weather stations considered for the study area.
The source of the basemap shape file was Ethiopian Mapping Agency. The model results were exported into ArcGIS Sofware Version 10.2 (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap) to generate the map in Fig 2.
Table 1.
Characteristics of meteorological stations, percentage of missing data, and clusters.
Fig 3.
Exceedance probability graph (left) and box plot (right) of rainfall for the study area.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics and MK trend test of rainfall characteristics in the study area.
Fig 4.
Annual rainfall cycle over the areas of in the southern central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.
Table 3.
Seasonal contribution and variability of rainfall (1991–2020) in the study area.
Table 4.
Trend analysis of monthly and annual rainfall using MK test for representative eight stations in the study area.
Fig 5.
Probability of dry spells longer than 7, 10, 15, and 25 days in the study area (1991–2020).
Fig 6.
Interannual trend of SPI in each cluster in a representative stations from 1991 to 2020.
Table 5.
Mann-Kendall trend test for SPI between 1991 to 2020 period.
Fig 7.
Maturity group x water requirement x planting date combination on success proportion of maize planting maize.
Table 6.
Monthly description of rainfall period and production operations for maize production in Shamana, Bilate, Hawassa, and Dilla clusters.