Comparing the climate and air pollution footprints of Lithium-ion BEVs and ICEs in the US incorporating systemic energy system responses
Fig 8
The life cycle-based CO2 emissions from four technology-based categories of light-duty vehicles in GCAM/GLIMPSE from sales of new vehicles in 2030, (a) during lifetime, assumed to be 18 years (b) during first year (c) shows when the emissions from fossil fuel ICE surpasses BEV, plotted for first six years.