Rethinking urban forests as essential infrastructure for resilience, equity, and biodiversity in the current climate emergency

• Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: m.esperonrodriguez@bangor.ac.uk

  Affiliations Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia, School of Environmental & Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-2134

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• Rachael V. Gallagher,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4680-8115

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• Stefan Arndt,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

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• Michael Osei Asibey,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Planning, College of Art and Built Environment, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

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• Benno Andreas Augustinus,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Forest Health and Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7371-7713

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• Monica Ballinas,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de Informacion Geoespacial, Ciudad de México, Mexico

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• Victor L. Barradas,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, Mexico

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-7190

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• David N. Barton,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo, Norway

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• Jürgen Bauhus,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Future Forests Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

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• Linda J. Beaumont,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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• Jean-François Bissonnette,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Département de géographie, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie, et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-4432

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• Matthew Brookhouse,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra. ACT, Australia

  ⨯
• Pedro Calaza-Martínez,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Spanish Association of Public Parks and Gardens (AEPJP), Madrid, Spain

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• Carlo Calfapietra,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET) National Research Council (CNR), Porano, Italy

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• Tiago Capela Lourenço,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8796-5993

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• Paloma Cariñanos,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Granada, Granada, Spain, IISTA-CEAMA, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research University of Granada, Granada, Spain

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• Matteo Clemente,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy

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• Tenley Conway,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada

  ⨯
• Kees de Hoogh,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Karen De Pauw,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium, Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium

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• Morgane Dendoncker,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-0100

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• Cynnamon Dobbs,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centro de Estudios Territoriales, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile

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• Peter Duinker,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-6056

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• Ujala Ejaz,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-7232

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• Ana Alice Eleuterio,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Instituto Latino-Americano de Economia, Sociedade e Política, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Brazil

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• Theodore Endreny,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF), Syracuse, New York, United States of America

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• Diego Esperon-Rodriguez,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

  ⨯
• Claire Farrell,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

  ⨯
• Zhengfei Guo,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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• Nanamhla Gwedla,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-1661

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• Richard Hauer,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-6981

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• Martin Hermy,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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• Peta Jeffries,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water & Environment, Charles Sturt University, Dubbo, NSW, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-0971

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• Edith Juno,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation National Advocacy Center, National Wildlife Federation, Washington District of Columbia, United States of America

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• Gervais Lee,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra. ACT, Australia

  ⨯
• Elizaveta Litvak,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America

  ⨯
• Natalie Love,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, United States of America

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• Gabriele Manoli,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Renée M. Marchin,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4154-8924

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• Alexander J. F. Martin,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4573-8899

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• John M. Martin,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosure, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

  ⨯
• Timon McPhearson,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Urban Systems Lab, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

  ⨯
• Christian Messier,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée, 58 rue principale, Département des sciences naturelles, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, Québec, Canada, Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

  ⨯
• Julie Messier,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Rachel Morgain,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Melbourne Biodiversity Institute and School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

  ⨯
• Harini Nagendra,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Azim Premji University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

  ⨯
• Mark Nieuwenhuijsen,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

  ⨯
• Lukas G. Olson,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry & Environmental Stewardship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8761

  ⨯
• Johan Östberg,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden

  ⨯
• Diane Pataki,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations National Advocacy Center, National Wildlife Federation, Washington District of Columbia, United States of America, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America

  ⨯
• Sebastian Pfautsch,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  ⨯
• Sally A. Power,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

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• Mohammad A. Rahman,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-010X

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• Thomas Randrup,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-3915

  ⨯
• Peter B. Reich,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia, Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

  ⨯
• Alessio Russo,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

  ⨯
• Paul D. Rymer,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  ⨯
• Rossano Schifanella,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy

  ⨯
• Charlie Shackleton,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa

  ⨯
• Mahmuda Sharmin,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-4081

  ⨯
• Davide Siclari,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-7847

  ⨯
• Sivajanani Sivarajah,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie, et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0530-4615

  ⨯
• Johanna Deak Sjöman,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-3188

  ⨯
• Henrik Sjöman,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden, Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Ingjerd Solfjeld,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

  https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8330-4299

  ⨯
• Annick St-Denis,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée, 58 rue principale, Département des sciences naturelles, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, Québec, Canada, Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9222-5110

  ⨯
• Jens-Christian Svenning,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

  ⨯
• Christopher Szota,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

  ⨯
• María Toledo-Garibaldi,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-2815

  ⨯
• Olivier Villemaire-Côté,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie, et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2384-8007

  ⨯
• Jess Vogt,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Science and Studies Department, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  ⨯
• Mingxuan Wan,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Linsheng Wen,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China, School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China

  ⨯
• Geoffrey Williams,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Nicholas S.G. Williams,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

  ⨯
• Björn Wiström,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-0062

  ⨯
• Hong Wu,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Landscape Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Pegbo Yan,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Tourism Ecology and Environment, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin, China

  ⨯
• Yuyu Zhou,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water & Environment, Charles Sturt University, Dubbo, NSW, Australia, Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

  ⨯
• Carly D. Ziter,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

  ⨯
• Benewindé Jean-Bosco Zoungrana,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Département de Géographie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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•  [ ... ],
• Mark G. Tjoelker

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-5238

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