Marine cold-spells in the California Current System: Modeling changes in frequency and impacts on endangered species habitat

• Kaila J. Frazer ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: kailafrazer@gmail.com

  Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Smith College Environmental Science & Policy Program, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7549-3529

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• Heather M. Welch,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-1140

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• Michael G. Jacox,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America, Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

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• Nerea Lezama-Ochoa,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

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• Briana Abrahms,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

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• Mercedes Pozo Buil,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

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• Scott R. Benson,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Moss Landing, California, United States of America, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, California, United States of America

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• Daniel M. Palacios,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States of America

  Affiliations Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, United States of America

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• L. David Smith,

  Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Smith College Environmental Science & Policy Program, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America, Smith College Department of Biological Sciences, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4760-8078

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• Thomas A. Clay,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America, Environmental Defense Fund, Monterey, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-6105

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• Steven J. Bograd,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-9932

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• Elliott L. Hazen

  Roles Conceptualization, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ecosystem Science Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America, Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

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