Can adversarial attacks by large language models be attributed?

Manuel Cebrian; Andres Abeliuk; Jan Arne Telle

doi:10.1371/journal.pcsy.0000085

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Can adversarial attacks by large language models be attributed?

Manuel Cebrian ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: manuel.cebrian@csic.es

Affiliation Center for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UPM), Madrid, Spain

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-7982

⨯
Andres Abeliuk,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
⨯
Jan Arne Telle

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
⨯

Can adversarial attacks by large language models be attributed?

Manuel Cebrian,
Andres Abeliuk,
Jan Arne Telle

Published: February 23, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcsy.0000085

About the Authors

Manuel Cebrian

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: manuel.cebrian@csic.es

Affiliation Center for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UPM), Madrid, Spain

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-7982

Andres Abeliuk

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

Jan Arne Telle

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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