Impact of natural lagooning wastewater treatment on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Morocco

Habiba Raqraq; Amina Ressmi; Rafik Aniba; Assmaa Dihmane; Jihane Fathi; Bahija El Goundali; Mohamed Bennani; Abouddihaj Barguigua

doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000464

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Impact of natural lagooning wastewater treatment on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Morocco

Habiba Raqraq ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft

* E-mail: RAQRAQ.HABIBA.fpb21@usms.ac.ma

Affiliation Team of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Biology-Geology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8798-6121

⨯
Amina Ressmi,

Roles Formal analysis, Software, Visualization

Affiliation Team of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Biology-Geology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8181-1177

⨯
Rafik Aniba,

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Team of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Biology-Geology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4360-9580

⨯
Assmaa Dihmane,

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Team of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Biology-Geology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-5213

⨯
Jihane Fathi,

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Laboratory of Engineering Sciences and Techniques, National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Khouribga, Morrocco

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2456-6522

⨯
Bahija El Goundali,

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Public health laboratory, Health delegation, Settat, Morocco
⨯
Mohamed Bennani,

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Laboratory of Physico-chemical and Toxicology, Department of Health and Environment, Pasteur Institute, Casablanca, Morocco
⨯
Abouddihaj Barguigua

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Team of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Biology-Geology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-0371

⨯

Impact of natural lagooning wastewater treatment on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Morocco

Habiba Raqraq,
Amina Ressmi,
Rafik Aniba,
Assmaa Dihmane,
Jihane Fathi,
Bahija El Goundali,
Mohamed Bennani,
Abouddihaj Barguigua

Published: March 24, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000464

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Antibiotic resistance
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Seasons
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Effluent
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Medical risk factors
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Enterococcus
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Water pollution
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Enterococcus infections
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