Nitrate in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review of epidemiological evidence and proposed biological mechanisms

• Hana Royal ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Hana Royal, Jeroen Douwes, Tim Chambers

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: hana.royal@otago.ac.nz

  Current address: Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

  Affiliation Health, Environment & Infection Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

  https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6240-6143

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• Andrea ‘t Mannetje †,

  † Deceased.

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ AM, SH and MB also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

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• Simon Hales ,

  Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

  ¶‡ AM, SH and MB also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Health, Environment & Infection Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

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• Jeroen Douwes ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Hana Royal, Jeroen Douwes, Tim Chambers

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

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• Max Berry ,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ AM, SH and MB also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

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• Tim Chambers

  Contributed equally to this work with: Hana Royal, Jeroen Douwes, Tim Chambers

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand

  Affiliation Health, Environment & Infection Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-5600

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