Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Length of hospital stay (LHS) is an indicator of clinical effectiveness. Early hospital discharge (≤72 hours) is recommended in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) at low risk of complications, but reasons for prolonged LHS poorly reported.
Methods
We collected data of ACS patients hospitalized at the Geneva University Hospitals from 1st July 2013 to 30th June 2015 and used the Zwolle index score to identify patients at low risk (≤ 3 points). We assessed the proportion of eligible patients who were successfully discharged within 72 hours and the reasons for prolonged LHS. Outcomes were defined as adherence to recommended therapies, major adverse events at 30 days and patients' satisfaction using a Likert-scale patient-reported questionnaire.
Results
Among 370 patients with ACS, 255 (68.9%) were at low-risk of complications but only 128 (50.2%)were eligible for early discharge, because of other clinical reasons for prolonged LHS (e.g. staged coronary revascularization, cardiac monitoring) in 127 patients (49.8%). Of the latter, only 45 (35.2%) benefitted from an early discharge. Reasons for delay in discharge in the remaining 83 patients (51.2%) were mainly due to delays in additional investigations, titration of medical therapy, admission or discharge during weekends. In the early discharge group, at 30 days, only one patient (2.2%) had an adverse event (minor bleeding), 97% of patients were satisfied by the medical care.
Citation: Laurencet M-E, Girardin F, Rigamonti F, Bevand A, Meyer P, Carballo D, et al. (2016) Early Discharge in Low-Risk Patients Hospitalized for Acute Coronary Syndromes: Feasibility, Safety and Reasons for Prolonged Length of Stay. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161493
Editor: Ingo Ahrens, GERMANY
Received: April 30, 2016; Accepted: August 5, 2016; Published: August 23, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Laurencet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The work was supported by the Geneva University Hospitals, (P, RD 12-II-2012) Swiss National Science Foundation (SPUM 33CM30-124112 and SPUM 33CM30-140 336, Inflammation and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) – Novel strategies for prevention and clinical management), de Reuter Foundation, Gerbex-Bourget Foundation. B.G.’s research is supported by grants from the Geneva University Hospitals, Swiss Heart Foundation, de Reuter Foundation, Gerbex-Bourget Foundation and Schmidheiny Foundation. The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.
Competing interests: F.M. has received research grants to the institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi, and Pfizer, including speaker and consultant fees. M.R. has received institutional grants from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Biosensor, Biotronic, and Metronic and speaker fees from Astra Zeneca. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
The length of hospital stay (LHS) has considerably decreased with the improvement of therapies and implementation of evidence-based therapies in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).[1] According to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), early discharge (within approximately 72 hours) may be considered in selected patients at low risk of complications, if early rehabilitation and adequate follow-up have been planned (class IIb, level of evidence B).[2] In this regard, the Zwolle index score has been recommended as a clinical tool to detect patients at low risk of complications who can safely benefit from an early hospital discharge.[3] The Zwolle index score include: Killip class (1–4), TIMI flow grade following angioplasty (1–4), age (60 years), three-vessels diseases, anterior infarction and ischemic time (</> 4 hours). A pilot study with 54 patients, reported that early discharge was potentially feasible and safe in ACS patients, although the sample size was limited (54 patients).[4] Observational data suggest that early discharge among ACS patients is poorly implemented in clinical practice, with less than 26% of eligible patients discharged within 4 days. [5]
Furthermore, the reasons of prolonged LHS in low-risk ACS patients are poorly documented. Large administrative data suggest important variations in LHS for ACS across countries and health care systems. For example, financial incentives in the United States have been associated with a shortening of LHS. In an era of growing economic pressures and limited health care resources, the Swiss health care deciders introduced the DRG (Diagnosis Related Groups) framework in January 2012, based on a flat flees financing system, aiming at improving efficiency, transparency, benchmarking, quality, responsibility and comparability between hospitals whilst containing global health care costs. Of note, DRG is a financial incentive to improve clinical effectiveness.[6] The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of an early discharge (≤ 72 hours) in low-risk ACS patients hospitalized at the Geneva University Hospitals and to document the reasons for prolonged LHS in low-risk patients.[7]
Methods
Study population
We analyzed prospectively collected data of patients included in the SPUM-ACS (Special Program University Medicine—Acute Coronary Syndrome, NCT01075867) cohort at the Geneva University Hospitals from 1st July 2013 to 30th June 2015.[8–10] Inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years old, and diagnosis of ACS complemented with an angiography. ACS was defined as symptoms compatible with angina (chest pain, dyspnea) and one of the following criteria: positive troponin value, ST-segment elevation or depression, T-wave inversion, changes in ECG readings.
Role of the Ethics Committee and Source of Funding
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of all participating centers; namely, the Ethics Committee on Clinical Research of the University of Lausanne, the Ethics Committee of the Department for Internal Medicine and Community Medicine of the University Hospital of Geneva, the Cantonal Ethics Committee (KEK) of the Canton of Bern, and the Cantonal Ethics Committee (KEK) of the Canton of Zurich. All patients provided written, informed consent.
Zwolle index score and reasons for prolonged hospital stay
We classified eligibility for early discharge using the Zwolle index score. The Zwolle index score is a validated and recommended score to identify patients at low risk of complications after ACS, stratifying patients into 2 groups: low risk (≤ 3 points) and high risk (> 3 points).[2,3] If a patient was eligible for early discharge, we collected data of pre-specified conditions (medical and non-medical) requiring prolonged LHS, additional coronary lesion requiring staged revascularization during the same hospitalization, delayed transfer to another hospital (because of place problem in that hospital), cardiac monitoring, post- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, major bleeding events (defined by BARC 3 or 5), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%, cardiac thrombus, acute renal failure, incapacities in physical mobility and refusal to attend cardiac rehabilitation after hospital discharge. During the hospital stay, the cardiology division of the Geneva University Hospitals in case of eligibility for an early discharge (Zwolle index score ≤ 3 points without exclusion criteria), collected reasons for prolonged hospital stay based on previously published criteria: (1) patient criteria (e.g. anxiety, social), (2) organizational related criteria (delay in complementary exams, hospital admission during week-end), (3) medical related criteria (additional time for titration of medication).
Length of hospital stay
We assessed LHS based on hospital administrative data measuring the data and time of hospital admission (defined as the entry to the emergency department or directly to the cardiac catherization laboratory) and the date and time of hospital discharge (defined as discharge from the hospital ward). Administrative data are used as a quality indicator for DRG-based reimbursement, as well as in registry-based observational studies. Successful early discharge was based on the Zwolle index score and ESC guidelines for ACS, and was defined as discharge occurring within 72 hours following hospitalization. Discharge beyond 72 hours was qualified as standard discharge.
Safety evaluation
For early discharge patients, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were systematically collected at 30 days, either by telephone from the patient or on the basis of medical records from the hospital or treating physician. MACE were defined as all-cause death, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, unplanned coronary revascularization, bleeding events and hospitalization for unstable angina. All MACE were adjudicated by 2 certified cardiologists. We also collected data on the recommended discharge treatments: aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor), statins, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB).
Patient satisfaction
Using a Lickert-scale, we measured patient satisfaction for LHS. As done in a previous study assessing patient satisfaction for outpatient treatment of pulmonary embolism patients weasked the following questions at 30 days following hospital discharge: «What is your global appreciation of the medical care you received during your hospital stay? », «Were you satisfied by the medical instruction provided at the hospital? ». [11] In addition, the following questions were asked, depending on whether patients had benefitted from early discharge «Would you have preferred a longer hospital stay? »; or had stayed for longer than 72 hours: «Would you have preferred to be discharged earlier? »
Statistical analysis
The flowchart of the inclusion process using the STROBE criteria is detailed in Fig 1. Patient characteristics are described in Fig 2, according to their eligibility for early discharge, using mean and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. Reasons for prolonged hospital stay, discharge treatment, MACE and patient satisfaction are presented in Fig 3, using frequencies in both groups (early vs. standard discharge). The primary outcome was to evaluate the feasibility and the safety of early discharge in low-risk (Zwolle score index ≤ 3) patients after ACS and successful PCI. The secondary outcome was to determine the reasons of prolonged hospitalization, the rate of complications and patient satisfaction at 30 days. We also compared treatments in the two groups, at discharge and at 1 year. Data were entered into a FileMaker Pro dataset and the level of significance was set at a p value < 0.05.
Abbreviations: LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.
Abbreviatsions: WE, weekend.
Results
Baseline characteristics
Among 370 patients included in the analysis, 255 (68.9%) were eligible for early discharge (Zwolle index score ≤ 3 points) compared to 115 patients who had a Zwolle index score > 3 points (Fig 1 and S1 Fig). The mean age of patients eligible for early discharge was younger (57.4 ± 26.7 vs 68.9 ±9.8, P < 0.001) and with more comorbidities, such as preexisting hypertension than patients not eligible for early discharge (Table 1). ACS subtypes were similar in both groups, but patients not eligible for early discharge underwent less PCI revascularization (88.7% vs 95.7% P<0.012). The peak troponin value (ng/l) was also lower in early discharge patients (0.38+/-3.57 vs 0.67 +/-4.0, p = 0.487), whereas LVEF (%) was similar across groups (55 1/-15 vs 55 +/-13.8 p = 1.000).
Among 255 patients who were eligible for early discharge, 127 had additional criteria for prolonged hospital stay (F 1); the leading causes for prolonged hospitalization were a staged procedure (34.6%) with a second coronary lesion requiring PCI during the same hospitalization, and cardiac monitoring (15.0%; Fig 2). A further 29.9% of patients were transferred back to the peripheral hospital from which they had been referred. Among the remaining 128 patients, only 45 (35.1%) benefitted from an early discharge while 83 were discharged beyond 72 hours. In both groups, no significant differences were found for age, sex, working status, marital status, cardiovascular risk factors, revascularization strategies and LVEF. However, patients with early discharge group were more likely to have a non-ST elevation ACS compared to standard discharge group (P = 0.068) (Table 2). The most common reported reasons for prolonged hospitalization were additional time for titration of medications (33%), delay in complementary exams such as echocardiography (33%), or admission/discharge during the weekends/nights (18%). There were no differences in discharge medications between the early and standard discharge groups: aspirin 97.5% vs 97.6%, statins 95.6% vs 95.2%, beta-blockers 86.7% vs 85.5% and ACEI/ARB 93.3% vs 86.7%. Attendance to cardiac rehabilitation was 87.5% vs. 83.3% (Table 3).
Safety at 30 days
The rate of MACE at 30 days was 2.2% (1/45) in the early discharge group and 3.6% in the standard discharge group (3/83). In the early discharge group, we observed one minor bleeding event and one case of an emergency visit for non-cardiac chest pain. In patients who were discharged after 72 hours, we observed one recurrent myocardial infarction, one unplanned revascularization and one bleeding event (Table 4).
Patient satisfaction
In the early discharge group, 73% (33/45) of patients were fully satisfied with the LHS, 18% (8/45) were almost satisfied, and 2% (2/45) patients would have wanted to stay longer than 72 hours (Table 5). In the standard discharge group, 30% (25/83) of patients would have wanted a shorter hospital stay while 22% (18/83) were not really satisfied by the LHS. In the early discharge group, 84% (38/45) of patients were very satisfied with the medical care provided and 91% (41/45) were very satisfied or satisfied by the medical instructions that were delivered.
Discussion
This prospective cohort of ACS patients showed that early discharge was successfully achieved in one third of eligible patients (Zwolle index score ≤ 3 points) for whom there was no medical reason for prolonged hospitalization. Patients with a Zwolle index score > 3 points were older, suggesting that age and frailty are independent factors for determining the timing of hospital discharge in ACS patients. The most commonly reported clinical reason for prolonged hospitalization in patients with a Zwolle index score ≤ 3 points was a staged coronary procedure or need for prolonged cardiac monitoring in an intermediate care unit. Other issues were related to logistics, such as delay in complementary exams (e.g. echocardiography), titration of medication or admission/discharge during week-ends/nights. Patients in the eligible discharge group for early discharge had an excellent prognosis with a very low event rate at 30 days (minor bleeding) and were globally satisfied with the medical care provided and the LHS.
The Zwolle index score was developed and validated as a prognostic score to identify STEMI patients at low risk of complications who could be safely discharged within 72 hours.[3] ESC guidelines recommend the use of the Zwolle index score for the management of STEMI when selecting patients eligible for early discharge and for whom a schedule of systematic follow-up has been set up, for example in a cardiac rehabilitation setting.[2] The recent ESC guidelines for ACS management reported for the first time monitoring guidelines for an uncomplicated course of ACS; 24 hours of monitoring after PCI is recommended for an uncomplicated ACS, but can be prolonged beyond 24 hours in case of complications.[12]
We found that although two thirds of patients filled the criteria for early discharge according to the Zwolle index score, most of them had others medical reasons for prolonged hospital stay, such as revascularization in two steps during hospitalization.[13–15] Controversies persist regarding the application of revascularization for non culprit-lesions at the time of STEMI, with data suggesting of a potential benefit of complete revascularization during the index PCI procedure.[13,14,16] To our knowledge, no study has the assessed the cost-effectiveness of complete versus incomplete revascularization at the index PCI, nor of the strategies of complete revascularization during the initial hospital stay versus a staged procedure carried out at a later time. Given that the DRG reimbursement system is a strong incentive to shorten hospital stays, the use of complete revascularization during the index PCI might be an interesting strategy over a staged procedure. For the care-provider (hospital perspective), the staged procedure could be a financially valuable option in case of an hospitalization at distance from the index PCI, allowing for additional billing. Administrative data suggest that the LHS decreased in Switzerland with the introduction of DRG, without a decrease of the re-hospitalization rate at 90 days (+13.5%), although a causality cannot be proven.[6] Other leading documented reasons for prolonged hospitalization are the delay to perform recommended exams in the management of ACS patients, such as echocardiography. According to the recent ESC NSTE-ACS guidelines, echocardiography is recommended in all patients with ACS to assess cardiac function in perspective of risk stratification optimization of medical management as well as secondary prevention.
Previous studies have reported that few patients with ACS were discharged within 72 hours. In European countries, it is estimated that about 26–28% of potential eligible patients have an early discharge.[4,5] Compared to the United Stated, hospitalization for ACS is significantly longer in European countries, with the rate of early discharge being 60% in US compared to 15.9% in non-US countries. However, the readmission rate at 30 days is significantly higher in US than non-US countries, as is the presence of comorbidities (elderly, hypertension, diabetes, multiple vessels diseases and atrial fibrillation).[17] The Zwolle index score is a simple and useful method to select patients at low risk of complications early during hospitalization, according to age, PCI success and the presence of heart failure signs. The findings of our study suggest no increase in MACE, although results may limited by the relatively small sample size. Several previous studies suggested that early discharge was safe and feasible after uncomplicated PCI.[18–21] However, the design of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial is a major challenge given the needed samples size and the possible « contamination effect » in health system research. The SAFE-depart trial performed a pilot randomized controlled study that was stopped after 50 patients due to slow recruitment (important exclusion criteria) and the length of stay was nearly similar in the early discharge versus standard discharge group.[4] The quality of care as defined by the use of recommended medication discharge was also similar across groups. Patient satisfaction also seemed high in the early discharge group, with a great majority of patients satisfied by the length of stay. It is well known that it is economically unattractive to manage low-risk patients for a prolonged hospital stay.[22]The following strategies have been reported to be successful in effective patient management: (1) identification of patients at low risk of complications (e.g. use of the Zwolle index score), (2) scheduling complementary exams as soon as possible (e.g. echocardiography), and (3) systematic cardiac rehabilitation follow-up after discharge.[2] An early appointment for cardiac rehabilitation has been associated with improved attendance and adherence to programs. The continuation and process of care after hospital discharge in a cardiac rehabilitation program is recommended to decrease the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.[23] In fact, in our study we systematically arranged for a follow-up appointment for our outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program, including free public transportation to encourage patients to come to the program within 10 days after hospital discharge.
Our study has some limitations. First, it describes a population of a single center in Switzerland, with a limited number of eligible patients (all benefited of coronary angiography), and might not be representative of other centers in Switzerland or in Europe. Interestingly, the proportion of patients who were discharged early was similar to that observed in other settings.[4,5] Secondary, we used the Zwolle index score for patients with ACS, and by default for STEMI patients as no score is recommended for ACS STEMI patients. Patients with NSTEMI (non ST elevation in ECG and positive troponin value) or unstable angina were included in the triage of patients using the Zwolle index score, as no score is recommended for ACS NSTEMI patients.[12] However, the recent ESC ACS guidelines have pointed out criteria, such as arrhythmia, unsuccessful PCI or heart failure, as high-risk for the monitoring and management of ACS patients. [12]
Conclusion
Early discharge was successfully performed in one third of ACS patients at low risk of complications (Zwolle index score < 3), and appeared safe and highly appreciated by the patients. To reduce the LHS it’s important to organize quickly the cardiac rehabilitation and complementary exams. Further studies should describe the impact of shortening the length of hospitalization on clinical and patient reported outcomes, as well as the potential barriers for a widespread implementation of early discharge.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig. Distribution of the Zwolle index score among 370 patients with acute coronary syndromes confirmed by angiography.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161493.s001
(TIF)
Author Contributions
- Conceived and designed the experiments: BG MEL FG DC FM MR.
- Performed the experiments: MEL FG AB BG.
- Analyzed the data: MEL BG.
- Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MEL FG FR AB PM DC MR SN FM BG.
- Wrote the paper: MEL BG.
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