Fig 1.
Diaphragm ultrasound displacement from the subcostal view in a control subject and in a DMD patient.
Normal right diaphragm sniff time movement (TM) motion in the control group (left); note the sharp upstroke during a sniff maneuver. Pathological right diaphragm motion during a sniff maneuver in a DMD patient (right). Note the reduced diaphragm motion with the sniff maneuver. DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Fig 2.
Sniff right hemidiaphragm tissue Doppler imaging peak velocity (arrow) in a volunteer (peak velocity = 12 cm/s).
Fig 3.
Pathological right hemidiaphragm peak tissue Doppler imaging velocity during a sniff maneuver in a DMD patient.
Note the reduced peak sniff diaphragm TDI velocity (arrow).
Table 1.
Clinical and respiratory data in patients.
Table 2.
Diaphragm ultrasound in the patient and control groups.
Fig 4.
Relationship between right diaphragm sniff TM motion and sniff nasal pressure in patients (A), and the relationship between left diaphragm sniff TM motion and sniff nasal pressure in patients (B). TM = time movement; Sniff TM mode = Sniff TM motion.
Fig 5.
Relationship between right diaphragm sniff peak TDI velocity and sniff nasal pressure in patients.
Sniff TDI peak inspi = sniff peak diaphragm tissue Doppler imaging velocity.
Fig 6.
Relationship between right sniff TM mode and FVC in patients.
FVC: forced vital capacity (%).
Fig 7.
Relationship between left sniff TM mode and FVC in patients.
FVC: forced vital capacity (%).
Fig 8.
Relationship between right sniff TM mode and FVC (ml) in patients.
FVC: forced vital capacity.
Fig 9.
Relationship between right sniff TDI peak velocity (cm/s) and FVC in patients.
FVC = forced vital capacity (%).
Fig 10.
Relationship between right sniff diaphragm TM motion and FVC in DMD.
DM1 and other myopathies. DMD = Duchenne muscular dystrophy; DM1 = myotonic dystrophy type I; others = other myopathies; FVC = forced vital capacity (%); sniff M mode = right sniff diaphragm time movement motion (mm).
Fig 11.
ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves for predicting a FVC<60% in patients with neuromuscular disorders.
TDI right: peak sniff TDI velocity (cm/s) at the right hemidiaphragm; M mode left: left diaphragm motion during a sniff maneuver (mm); M mode right: right diaphragm motion during a sniff maneuver (mm); FVC = forced vital capacity (%).
Fig 12.
ROC curves for predicting a FVC <30% in patients with neuromuscular disorders.
M mode right: right diaphragm motion during a sniff maneuver; M mode left: left diaphragm motion during sniff maneuver (mm); TDI right: peak sniff TDI velocity (cm/s) recorded at the right hemidiaphragm; FVC: forced vital capacity (%).