About the Authors

Jacob McPadden

Contributed equally to this work with: Jacob McPadden, Frederick Warner

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Frederick Warner

Contributed equally to this work with: Jacob McPadden, Frederick Warner

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

H. Patrick Young

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Nathan C. Hurley

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America

Rebecca A. Pulk

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Corporate Pharmacy Services, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Avinainder Singh

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Thomas J. S. Durant

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Guannan Gong

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Nihar Desai

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Adrian Haimovich

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Richard Andrew Taylor

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Murat Gunel

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Charles S. Dela Cruz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Shelli F. Farhadian

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jonathan Siner

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Merceditas Villanueva

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Keith Churchwell

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Allen Hsiao

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Information Technology Services, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Charles J. Torre Jr

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Information Technology Services, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Eric J. Velazquez

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Roy S. Herbst

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Akiko Iwasaki

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Albert I. Ko

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Bobak J. Mortazavi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America

Harlan M. Krumholz

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Wade L. Schulz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

wade.schulz@yale.edu

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

H.M.K. works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to support quality measurement programs; was a recipient of a research grant, through Yale, from Medtronic and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to develop methods for post-market surveillance of medical devices; was a recipient of a research grant from Johnson & Johnson, through Yale University, to support clinical trial data sharing; was a recipient of a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; receives payment from the Arnold & Porter Law Firm for work related to the Sanofi clopidogrel litigation, from the Martin Baughman Law Firm for work related to the Cook Celect IVC filter litigation, and from the Siegfried and Jensen Law Firm for work related to Vioxx litigation; chairs a Cardiac Scientific Advisory Board for UnitedHealth; was a member of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science, the Advisory Board for Facebook, and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the co-founder of HugoHealth, a personal health information platform, and cofounder of Refactor Health, a healthcare AI-augmented data management company. W.L.S. was an investigator for a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; is a technical consultant to HugoHealth, a personal health information platform, and cofounder of Refactor Health, an AI-augmented data management platform for healthcare; is a consultant for Interpace Diagnostics Group, a molecular diagnostics company. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.