About the Authors

John Hughes

john.hughes@qub.ac.uk

Affiliation UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom

Zubair Kabir

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology &Public Health University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Kathleen Bennett

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Joel W. Hotchkiss

Affiliation School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Frank Kee

Affiliation UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom

Alastair H. Leyland

Affiliation MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Carolyn Davies

Affiliation MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Piotr Bandosz

Affiliation Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Maria Guzman-Castillo

Affiliation Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Martin O’Flaherty

Affiliation Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Simon Capewell

Affiliation Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Julia Critchley

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JC SC. Analyzed the data: JH ZK KB JWH CD PB MG-C M'OF SC JC. Wrote the paper: JH ZK KB JWH FK AHL CD PB MG-C M'OF SC JC.