About the Authors

Nora C. Spencer

Affiliation Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada

H. Grant Gilchrist

Affiliation Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Mark L. Mallory

Email: mark.mallory@acadiau.ca

Affiliation Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HGG MLM NCS. Performed the experiments: MLM HGG NCS. Analyzed the data: NCS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MLM HGG. Wrote the paper: NCS.