About the Authors

Zhi-Hua Chen

Contributed equally to this work with: Zhi-Hua Chen, Hong Pyo Kim

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hong Pyo Kim

Contributed equally to this work with: Zhi-Hua Chen, Hong Pyo Kim

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Frank C. Sciurba

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Seon-Jin Lee

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carol Feghali-Bostwick

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Donna B. Stolz

Affiliation Center for Biologic Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Rajiv Dhir

Affiliation Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Rodney J. Landreneau

Affiliation Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mathew J. Schuchert

Affiliation Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Samuel A. Yousem

Affiliation Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Kiichi Nakahira

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joseph M. Pilewski

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Janet S. Lee

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Yingze Zhang

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Stefan W. Ryter

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Augustine M. K. Choi

amchoi@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Affiliation Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZHC HPK AMKC. Performed the experiments: ZHC HPK SJL KN JL YZ. Analyzed the data: SWR AMKC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FS CFB DS RD RJL MJS SAY JMP JL YZ. Wrote the paper: ZHC SWR.