About the Authors

Bernd Schierwater

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bernd.schierwater@ecolevol.de

Affiliations ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany , Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America , Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America

Michael Eitel

Affiliation ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Wolfgang Jakob

Affiliation ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Hans-Jürgen Osigus

Affiliation ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Heike Hadrys

Affiliation ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Stephen L Dellaporta

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis

Affiliation Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America

Rob DeSalle

Affiliation Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

BS contributed to data collection and analyses, developed the “new placula hypothesis” and together with RD designed the study. ME, WJ, HJO, HH, and SD collected and analyzed data. SOK and RD performed the phylogenetic analyses. RD and BS coordinated the phylogenetic discussion. All authors contributed to data interpretation and writing.