About the Authors

Aaron E. Kornblith

Contributed equally to this work with: Aaron E. Kornblith, Chandan Singh

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Chandan Singh

Contributed equally to this work with: Aaron E. Kornblith, Chandan Singh

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America

Gabriel Devlin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Newton Addo

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Christian J. Streck

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Children’s Hospital, Charleston, United States of America

James F. Holmes

Roles Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America

Nathan Kuppermann

Roles Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America

Jacqueline Grupp-Phelan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Jeffrey Fineman

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Atul J. Butte

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America

Bin Yu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

binyu@berkeley.edu

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America, Departments of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared the following competing interests exist. Aaron Kornblith is a co-founder of CaptureDx. Newton Addo is a co-founder of CaptureDx. Atul Butte is a co-founder and consultant to Personalis and NuMedii; consultant to Samsung, Mango Tree Corporation, and in the recent past, 10x Genomics, Helix, Pathway Genomics, and Verinata (Illumina); has served on paid advisory panels or boards for Geisinger Health, Regenstrief Institute, Gerson Lehman Group, AlphaSights, Covance, Novartis, Genentech, and Merck, and Roche; is a shareholder in Personalis and NuMedii; is a minor shareholder in Apple, Facebook, Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Amazon, Snap, 10x Genomics, Illumina, CVS, Nuna Health, Assay Depot, Vet24seven, Regeneron, Sanofi, Royalty Pharma, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Biogen, Paraxel, and Sutro, and several other non-health related companies and mutual funds; and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement for invited talks from Johnson and Johnson, Roche, Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Takeda, Varian, Mars, Siemens, Optum, Abbott, Celgene, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Westat, and many academic institutions, medical or disease specific foundations and associations, and health systems. Atul Butte receives royalty payments through Stanford University, for several patents and other disclosures licensed to NuMedii and Personalis. Atul Butte’s research has been funded by NIH, Peraton (as the prime on an NIH contract), Genentech, Johnson and Johnson, FDA, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Intervalien Foundation, Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg, the Barbara and Gerson Bakar Foundation, and in the recent past, the March of Dimes, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, L’Oreal, and Progenity. Bin Yu has consulted at Microsoft Research, Grail and GenenTech and is a minor shareholder at PatternComputer, Inc. She has received honoraria for invited talks at IQVIA, GenenTech and CapitalOne. She has been funded by CZBiohub with an intercampus research award grant. None of the organizations above participated in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.