About the Authors

Julia Amann

Contributed equally to this work with: Julia Amann, Dennis Vetter, Vince Istvan Madai

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

julia.amann@hest.ethz.ch

Affiliation Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Dennis Vetter

Contributed equally to this work with: Julia Amann, Dennis Vetter, Vince Istvan Madai

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Frankfurt Big Data Lab, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Computational Vision and Artificial Intelligence, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Stig Nikolaj Blomberg

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Emergency medical Services, Denmark

Helle Collatz Christensen

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Emergency medical Services, Denmark

Megan Coffee

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States of America

Sara Gerke

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Penn State Dickinson Law, Carlisle, PA, United States of America

Thomas K. Gilbert

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Digital Life Initiative, Cornell Tech, New York, NY, United States of America

Thilo Hagendorff

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cluster of Excellence "Machine Learning: New Perspectives for Science"—Ethics & Philosophy Lab University of Tuebingen, Germany

Sune Holm

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Michelle Livne

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Google Health Research, London, United Kingdom

Andy Spezzatti

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Industrial Engineering & Operations Research Department, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America

Inga Strümke

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Roberto V. Zicari

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Yrkeshögskolan Arcada, Helsinki, Finland, Data Science Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

Vince Istvan Madai

Contributed equally to this work with: Julia Amann, Dennis Vetter, Vince Istvan Madai

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, CLAIM—Charité Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, School of Computing and Digital Technology, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom

on behalf of the Z-Inspection initiative

Competing Interests

VIM reported receiving personal fees from ai4medicine outside the submitted work. There is no connection, commercial exploitation, transfer or association between the projects of ai4medicine and the results presented in this work.