About the Authors
- Karani S. Vimaleswaran
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Contributed equally to this work with: Karani S. Vimaleswaran, Diane J. Berry, Elina Hyppönen
Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Diane J. Berry
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Contributed equally to this work with: Karani S. Vimaleswaran, Diane J. Berry, Elina Hyppönen
Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Chen Lu
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Emmi Tikkanen
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Affiliations Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Stefan Pilz
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Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Austria, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Linda T. Hiraki
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Affiliation Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Jason D. Cooper
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Affiliation Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Zari Dastani
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rui Li
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Affiliation Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Denise K. Houston
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Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Andrew R. Wood
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Affiliation Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Karl Michaëlsson
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Affiliation Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Liesbeth Vandenput
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Affiliation Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Lina Zgaga
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Affiliations Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
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Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Mark I. McCarthy
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Affiliations Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Josée Dupuis
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Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Marika Kaakinen
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Affiliation Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Marcus E. Kleber
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Affiliation LURIC Study non-profit LLC, Freiburg, Germany and Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Karen Jameson
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Affiliation MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Nigel Arden
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Affiliations NIHR Musculoskeletal BRU, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Olli Raitakari
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Affiliation Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Jorma Viikari
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Kurt K. Lohman
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Luigi Ferrucci
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Affiliation Clinical Research Branch, Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Håkan Melhus
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Affiliation Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Erik Ingelsson
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Affiliation Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liisa Byberg
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Affiliation Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Lars Lind
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Affiliation Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Mattias Lorentzon
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Affiliation Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Veikko Salomaa
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Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Harry Campbell
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Affiliation Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Malcolm Dunlop
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Affiliations Colon Cancer Genetics Group and Academic Coloproctology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, MRC Human Genetics Unit Western General Hospital Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Braxton D. Mitchell
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Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Karl-Heinz Herzig
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Affiliations Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Anneli Pouta
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
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Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium
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¶Membership of the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.
- Elizabeth A. Streeten
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Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Evropi Theodoratou
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Affiliation Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Antti Jula
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Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Nicholas J. Wareham
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Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Claes Ohlsson
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Affiliation Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Timothy M. Frayling
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Affiliation Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Stephen B. Kritchevsky
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Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Timothy D. Spector
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Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- J. Brent Richards
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Affiliations Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Terho Lehtimäki
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Affiliation Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Willem H. Ouwehand
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Affiliations Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Peter Kraft
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Affiliation Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cyrus Cooper
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Affiliation MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Winfried März
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Affiliations Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Chris Power
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Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ruth J. F. Loos
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Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Thomas J. Wang
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Affiliation Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
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Affiliations Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- John C. Whittaker
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Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Aroon D. Hingorani
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Affiliations Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Division of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Elina Hyppönen
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Contributed equally to this work with: Karani S. Vimaleswaran, Diane J. Berry, Elina Hyppönen
* E-mail: e.hypponen@ucl.ac.uk
Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
LTH is currently supported by a Canada Institute of Research (CIHR) Fellowship award. CC has received honoraria and consulting fees from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, and Servier. WM is an employee of synlab laboratory services GmbH. Synlab offers vitamin D testing. TJW is on the scientific advisory board for Diasorin Inc. and has received research support from them. JCW is 90% employed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) whilst maintaining a 10% appointment at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), and holds GSK shares. All other authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: KSV DJB MM OR JV BDM EAM NJW TM TL WHO CC TJW MRJ JCW ADH EH. Performed the experiments: KSV DJB CL ET SP LTH JDC KHL ZD RL ARW KM LZ LMY JD MCK KJ VS BDM EAS DKH TL PK CC RJFL JCW ADH EH. Analyzed the data: KSV DJB CL ET SP LTH JDC KHL ZD RL ARW KM LZ LMY JD MCK KJ VS BDM EAS DKH TL PK CC RJFL JCW ADH EH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KSV DJB SP LTH KM LMY MM JD MK NA OR JV SBK HM EI LB LL VS BDM KH EAS DKH TL PK CC WM RJFL CP MRJ JCW ADH EH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: KSV DJB EH. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: KSV DJB EH. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: KSV DJB CL ET SP LTH JDC ZD RL DKH ARW KM LV LZ LMY MM JD MK MEK KJ NA OR JV KKL LF HM EI LB LL ML VS HC MD BDM KHH AP ALH EAS ET AJ NJW CO TMF SBK TDS JBR TL WHO PK CC WM CP RJFL TJW MRJ JCW ADH EH. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: KSV DJB CL ET SP LTH JDC ZD RL DKH ARW KM LV LZ LMY MM JD MK MEK KJ NA OR JV KKL LF HM EI LB LL ML VS HC MD BDM KHH AP ALH EAS ET AJ NJW CO TMF SBK TDS JBR TL WHO PK CC WM CP RJFL TJW MRJ JCW ADH EH. Obtained the data: KSV DJB SP LTH ZD RL KM LV MM MK MCK KJ NA OR JV SBK LF HM EI LB LL ML VS HC MD BDM AP AH ET NJW CO TMF DKH JBR TL WHO PK CC WM CP ADH MRJ EH. Provided the administrative, technical, or material support: KSV DJB KM MK OR JV SBK LF HM EI LL VS TMF DKH TL CP EH. Supervised the study: JD OR JV SBK HC MD BDM EAS AJ ET TS TMF JBR TL TJW MRJ JCW ADH EH.