Introduction

The Western and Central Africa regions continue to make progress toward the UNAIDS 95–95–95 targets. As of 2021, 80% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) knew their HIV status, 98% of people who knew their HIV-positive status were accessing treatment, and 88% of people on treatment had suppressed viral load (VL). However, children living with HIV (CLHIV) ages 0–14 years are being left behind: only 35% had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2021, and only 27% were virally suppressed. In Togo, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated 8,700 CLHIV in 2021, of whom 49% knew their status, 49% were on treatment, and 35% were virally suppressed, and it estimated 1,000 new HIV infections among children ages 0–14 years. Children also continue to experience a disproportionate share of AIDS-related deaths, accounting for 4% of PLHIV globally but 15% of AIDS-related deaths in 2021. In Togo, children represented 8% of PLHIV, one-third of new infections, and about one-quarter of AIDS-related deaths [1].

The lack of safe, effective, and simplified ART regimens with good tolerability has been a barrier to achieving treatment success among CLHIV, but findings from the ODYSSEY (PENTA 20) [2] and IMPAACT P1093 [3] trials showed superiority, effectiveness, safety, and high tolerability of the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir (DTG) among CLHIV.

These results paved the way for the World Health Organization (WHO)’s 2018 recommendation to use DTG as first-line ART for all PLHIV, including children over the age of 4 weeks and weighing ≥3 kg [4], providing an opportunity to stop using regimens with high toxicity, low genetic barriers to resistance, and cold chain requirements, and antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the form of unpalatable syrups or bitter, hard-to-swallow solid pediatric formulations taken multiple times per day [5], and to move toward DTG-containing regimens. Similarly, the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Country Operational Plan (COP) 22 recommends the scale-up of a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir, lamivudine, and DTG (TLD) for all PLHIV ≥3 kg and ≥4 weeks old. As a result, the integrase inhibitor DTG has been introduced as an alternative to efavirenz (EFV) in first-line treatment, and PEPFAR has ceased procurement of EFV-based treatment [6].

The DTG 50 mg and the new DTG 10 mg dispersible formulations, in combination with other dispersible ARVs, provide treatment that is easier to administer, tastes good, has reduced side effects, and can improve viral suppression. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic caused major delays in the transition to DTG-containing ART, as well as in VL monitoring, which is encouraged; however, VL testing and documentation of suppressed VL should not be a requirement for transitioning to TLD. VL testing should instead be prioritized following the change in regimen for clients who did not have a documented VL test result or who were not virally suppressed prior to the switch to DTG.

The Ending AIDS in West Africa (#EAWA) project in Togo supports HIV care and treatment services for adults and CLHIV in 13 districts and 19 public health facilities. Following the Ministry of Health’s 2019 recommendations to offer DTG-containing regimens as the first-line treatment for CLHIV, #EAWA identified and rolled out a package of interventions to scale up DTG coverage among CLHIV in all supported health facilities. Here we report the results of our analysis of program data comparing the proportion of CLHIV on a DTG regimen before and after the interventions, as well as other key outcomes.

Materials and methods

#EAWA interventions

#EAWA followed the national guidelines for the provision of ART to CLHIV. The national guidelines from October 2019 for people living with HIV in Togo recommend abacavir (ABC), lamivudine (3TC), and DTG 10 mg or 25 mg for children >4 weeks to 5 years and DTG 50 mg to children ≥6 years and weighing ≥20 kg [7]. However, although DTG 50 mg became available in November 2019, DTG 10 mg only became available in March 2022, toward the end of the analysis, and DTG 25 mg was not available for the entire period of analysis.

Health care providers at all #EAWA sites (including clinicians, nurses, and other providers who prescribe ARVs) were trained on the new regimen between July 2019 and September 2019. Beginning in January 2020, children newly identified as HIV positive were started on a DTG- containing regimen, and those already on treatment (abacavir [ABC], zidovudine/3TC/lopinavir/ritonavir, or efavirenz) were transitioned to a DTG-containing regimen, regardless of VL status. The CLHIV who were virally suppressed prior transitioning to a DTG-containing regimen repeated the VL test at 12 months after the previous test. Those who were not virally suppressed prior to the transition repeated the VL test at three months from the previous test. This approach aligned to the WHO recommendation that VL testing not be required as a precondition to transition to DTG-based regimens [8], although routine VL monitoring was recommended to deliver appropriate care to CLHIV.

Standard #EAWA intervention (baseline through October 2020).

As per the standard of care at baseline and before October 2020, when a package of interventions to scale up DTG coverage was rolled out, the CLHIV at the #EAWA-supported facilities were initiated on ART at the health facility, as the national guidelines did not permit community ART initiation. After the initial month of treatment, they were given three-month refills at the health facility or in the community. Per the national guidelines, only virally suppressed CLHIV were eligible for and offered three- to five-month multimonth dispensing (MMD) of ART.

The CLHIV and caregivers were linked to a mediator, who was a community worker trained in pediatric HIV prevention, care, and treatment and pediatric ART case management, and experienced in providing ART counseling to CLHIV and their caregivers. Each site had one or two mediators according to site client volume and one psychologist, who together were responsible for case management of all ART clients (adults, adolescents, and children under 15).

The mediator reminded the CLHIV/caregiver about and offered navigation to any HIV-related appointment (e.g., for ART refill, VL testing, and any other diagnostic or relevant clinical assessment) through in-person and virtual contact. At the time of the ART refill, the mediator provided in-person ART adherence support and counseling using standardized national tools specific to CLHIV. CLHIV who reported barriers to treatment that could not be addressed by the mediator, as well as CLHIV with unsuppressed VL, were linked to the psychologist. CLHIV who reported side effects and any other clinical issues were linked to the ART health care workers.

The psychologist received ART clients referred by the mediator and provided ART adherence counseling specific for CLHIV, using standardized national tools. CLHIV who were not virally suppressed received monthly therapeutic educational sessions with the psychologist for three months.

Both the psychologist and mediator were based at the ART clinic and did not offer any community-based services. VL sample collection was offered at both the facility and community levels by a laboratory technician and through phlebotomy.

#EAWA surge solutions for DTG coverage and VL monitoring scale-up (October 2020–September 2022).

From July through September 2020, only 52% of the CLHIV then on treatment were on a DTG-containing regimen, while 48% of those on treatment had a documented VL test result, of whom 64% had attained VLS. Given these rates, in October 2020, after the health care providers were trained on the optimized regimens and DTG availability was ascertained, site-level surge teams from the health facilities were established. Comprised of ART health care workers (nurses and clinicians), mediator(s), a psychologist, and data managers, these surge teams were tasked with conducting a root-cause analysis of barriers and identifying solutions for scale-up of DTG and VL testing coverage among CLHIV.

The surge teams identified the key barriers to rapid scale-up of the DTG-containing regimen as a lack of the following elements: a dedicated site-level team monitoring DTG and VL testing coverage among CLHIV; tracking of DTG site-level stock based on the expected volume of CLHIV to be initiated and transitioned to the DTG-containing regimen; a systematic approach to line listing clients and offering MMD to eligible CLHIV; line listing CLHIV eligible for a DTG-containing regimen and VL testing; systematic approaches to starting and transitioning CLHIV to the DTG-containing regimen, collecting VL samples, monitoring the return of VL test results, informing clients of results, and assessing barriers to ART adherence; provision of intensified, more frequent ART adherence support to CLHIV and caregivers who reported barriers to treatment; and data use for decision-making. Solutions were then designed to address the specific root causes.

From October 2020 through September 2022, the site-level surge teams supported implementation and monitoring of the agreed-upon solutions to scale up DTG, MMD, and VL monitoring among CLHIV to reach the PEPFAR benchmarks of 95% DTG coverage, 80% MMD coverage, 95% VL testing coverage, and 95% VL suppression among CLHIV. The following solutions were implemented:

• The mediator conducted monthly site-level ART stock monitoring and compared it to the estimated volume of CLHIV to be initiated on or transitioned to a DTG-containing regimen, and those eligible for MMD. If any shortage was anticipated, the mediator alerted the pharmacist of the health facility, who would place a new order through the national supply chain management system, and the project coordinator, who coordinated with the site-level pharmacist to troubleshoot imminent shortages and stock-outs.
• On a monthly basis, the data manager provided the mediator with the line list of CLHIV with an appointment at the ART clinic and those eligible for VL testing and MMD.
• The mediator assisted the ART health care providers to ensure that all CLHIV were initiated on or transitioned to a DTG-containing regimen during the follow-up appointment. Initiation on or transition to the DTG-containing regimen was done by the ART clinician or ART nurse at the ART clinic only, as national guidelines did not permit this at the community level. Virally suppressed CLHIV were given MMD, and their ARV dosing was assessed using a weight-band tool.
• At enrollment into ART services and at every ART refill, the mediator systematically assessed the barriers to ART adherence with CLHIV and caregivers. Those who reported barriers were offered weekly in-person, barrier-specific ART adherence support by the mediator. This targeted strategy of motivational counseling was designed to help CLHIV/caregivers identify their individual barriers to adherence and develop strategies to improve adherence to achieve viral suppression. The counseling meetings were held at the facility or community level (often the CLHIV/caregiver’s residence) according to CLHIV/caregiver preference.
• During the counseling, the mediator discussed the side effects of ARVs and structural barriers such as privacy, stigma and discrimination, fear of disclosure, school attendance, and travel to pick up ART refills, among other themes.
• The frequency of the support decreased from weekly to monthly upon improvement in adherence and compliance with the ARV refill schedule. This was assessed based on self-reported adherence by the CLHIV/caregiver and the pharmacy refill record; a specific adherence metric was not used or documented.
• The mediator followed up with CLHIV/caregivers who missed their ART appointment first via phone call and, if not reached, through home visits.
• All CLHIV/caregivers who missed an appointment and returned to care, as well as those not virally suppressed, were invited to participate in individual or group ART counseling led by the mediator and focused on identifying and addressing barriers and improving adherence to treatment.
• The mediator assisted the laboratory technician to ensure the collection of VL samples for all eligible CLHIV during the follow-up appointment at the facility, or in the community if the CLHIV/caregiver could not come to the ART clinic. If the VL sample was collected at the health facility, this was timed to coincide with the ART refill to avoid the need for the CLHIV/caregiver to return to the facility multiple times. The VL samples were transported by the laboratory technician to a public laboratory on a weekly basis.
• The laboratory technician retrieved the VL test results upon delivery of new samples to the laboratory and returned them to the ART clinic. On a weekly basis, the ART provider contacted the public laboratory focal person to track pending test results that had not been returned after 14 days. The VL test results were entered into the EMR by the data entry clerk, as soon the test result was received at the ART clinic.
• The mediator contacted the caregiver via phone within one week of receipt of the test result at the ART clinic if the CLHIV was not virally suppressed, while for CLHIV who were virally suppressed, the test result was shared at the time of ART refill.
• The site-level surge team met weekly to review and discuss data reports on ART stock, DTG, MMD, and VL coverage, and VLS, and to discuss case-by-case solutions for CLHIV who were reporting barriers to ART adherence.
• The project coordinator participated in the site-level surge team meeting on a monthly basis to provide technical assistance on data review, interpretation, and use for programming improvement; assist with ensuring data documentation and high-quality data; and troubleshoot DTG supply issues. Data were used to prioritize the project coordinator’s technical assistance to focus on ART clinics with the highest volume of CLHIV currently on treatment and the lowest DTG and VL testing coverage, using the 80% and 95% benchmarks, respectively, as the reference thresholds.

Table 1 describes the services provided at baseline (September 2020) and the solutions being implemented at endline (September 2022).

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Table 1. ART services provided to CLHIV/caregivers at baseline and endline.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.t001

Results

For the period of analysis, the #EAWA project reported 1,723 CLHIV ages 0–14 on treatment at baseline (July–September 2020) and 2,397 at endline (July–September 2022). Their demographic, clinical, and immunological characteristics are provided in Table 2. The sex and age distribution, whereby females represented 52% of the total population and 78% were ages 5–14 years, remained the same from baseline to endline. At baseline, 58% of the CLHIV were WHO stage II and II compared to 75% at endline. WHO staging information was missing for a third of the CLHIV (higher among those under age 5) at baseline, decreasing to 15% at endline. At baseline, a large majority (79%) of the CLHIV did not have a documented CD4 test result, and a similar proportion (82%) was reported at endline; among those with a documented CD4 test result, the majority had <200 cells/mm3 across all age groups.

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Table 2. Demographic, clinical, and immunological characteristics of CLHIV ages 0–14 years currently on treatment, at baseline and endline.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.t002

Following the rollout of specific interventions to scale up DTG coverage, the project reported a progressive increase in the percentage of CLHIV on a DTG-containing regimen, reaching 64% in July–September 2021 (data not shown) and 68% in July–September 2022 (Fig 1).

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Fig 1. DTG regimen coverage among CLHIV ages 0–14 years, by quarter.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.g001

When disaggregated by age group, about a third of the CLHIV ages under 5 years and ≥10 years were on a DTG-containing regimen (120 and 239 CLHIV, respectively), while those ages 5–9 years were already above 90% (545) at baseline. At endline, a three-fold increase in DTG coverage was observed among the youngest age group (under 5 years) with 347 CLHIV on DTG, the oldest age group (10–14 years) increased by one and a half (477 CLHIV on DTG), and coverage among those ages 5–9 years was approaching 100% (815 CLHIV on DTG) (Fig 2).

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Fig 2. DTG regimen coverage among CLHIV, by age group and quarter.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.g002

For VL testing coverage, at baseline 48% (795) of the 1,673 CLHIV ages 0–14 years who had been on treatment for at least six months had a documented VL test result within the past 12 months; at endline, VL testing coverage was 90% (1,882) among the 2,098 CLHIV ages 0–14 years who had been on treatment for at least six months. VLS also increased in this age group, from 64% (507) at baseline to 82% (1,537) at endline (Fig 3).

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Fig 3. VL testing coverage and VLS among CLHIV, by quarter.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.g003

When disaggregated by age group, only the youngest age group reached the 95% benchmark, while ages ≥5 years reached or approached 90% for VL testing coverage, with the highest proportional increase among those under 5 years. The proportional increase in VLS was similar across all three age groups, which also reported similar baseline VLS rates, and none of the age groups met the 95% benchmark for VLS at endline (Fig 4).

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Fig 4. VL testing coverage and VLS among CLHIV, by age group and quarter.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.g004

The proportion of CLHIV already on ART increased over time, from 58% at baseline to 71% at endline; similarly, MMD coverage increased from 57% at baseline to 85% at endline. When disaggregated by age group, new ART initiation was equally distributed across the three age groups, while the majority of follow-up clients were from the oldest age band. Among the CLHIV who were receiving MMD, about three-quarters were from the older age bands (5–9 years and 10–14 years) (Table 3).

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Table 3. ART status and MMD coverage of CLHIV ages 0–14 years currently on treatment, at baseline and endline.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.t003

We also analyzed interruptions in treatment and death at baseline and endline. These remained stable over time at an average of 3.4% and 0.5%, respectively. No differences were observed when disaggregated by age group.

Data obtained from the national supply chain management system show a progressively increasing number of bottles of DTG, a decreasing volume of EFV 200 mg, and a relatively steady volume of EFV 600 mg over time (Table 4). These national-level data included the 29 sites of our analysis but also sites throughout the country.

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Table 4. National-level data on number of bottles with a one-month supply of medication by ARV type, at baseline and endline.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296293.t004

All data, including those at the midline point of the analysis, are provided in S1 Dataset.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first analysis from West Africa that reports on interventions for scale-up of DTG and VL testing coverage, as well as to increase VLS among CLHIV ages 0–14 years. The data reported in this analysis show a progressive increase in DTG coverage among CLHIV from baseline to midline and endline. This increase coincides with the rollout of specific interventions as well as the availability of DTG 50 mg as of October 2020 and DTG 10 mg in March 2022, suggesting that the interventions may have played a role in the increase.

However, the overall increase in DTG coverage reported at endline was small (from 52% at baseline to 68% at endline), and the 80% benchmark was not achieved. This was possibly because the national guidelines did not permit DTG transition at the community level and CLHIV/caregivers were not actively contacted before their community-based ART refill appointments to request them to come to the ART clinic for DTG transition; instead, during their community refill the mediator and ART health care worker informed CLHIV/caregivers of the need to go to the health facility the following month for transition to DTG. If CLHIV/caregivers could not go to the health facility for their next ART refill appointment, the transition to DTG was further delayed. Addressing this structural barrier to DTG transition could help to increase DTG coverage in Togo.

Furthermore, since over time a higher proportion of CLHIV were already on treatment, the chance of not being transitioned to a DTG-containing regimen because of a missed appointment may have been higher than among treatment-naïve CLHIV, who were initiated on a DTG regimen at the time of their initial enrollment on ART services.

When disaggregated by age, at endline DTG coverage had more than doubled since baseline among CLHIV under 5 years. However, even with this two-fold increase, at endline this group had only reached 68% DTG coverage. This was likely the case because prior to March 2022, the lowest strength tablet of DTG available was 50 mg—five times the dose for CLHIV in this group—making providers reluctant to prescribe it. In March 2022, DTG 10 mg became available and was soon systematically prescribed by providers; however, our analysis ended in September 2022, before a significant increase could be observed.

The age group 5–9 years reached 97% DTG coverage at endline after already high coverage at baseline (91%). This age group was originally on a regimen containing ABC+3TC+EFV, but the country had a relatively small supply of EFV 200 mg in stock when DTG 50 mg became available, creating the opportunity to switch all CLHIV ages 5–9 years to a DTG-containing regimen.

The increase in DTG coverage was modest in the oldest age group, from 33% at baseline to 46% at endline. Due to a higher absolute number of CLHIV ages 10–14 years than those 5–9 years, the latter group reached higher proportional coverage faster. Moreover, although DTG has been shown to have better efficacy, tolerability, and durability than EFV, EFV has nonetheless been widely used as part of first-line treatment for HIV infection, including in Togo. At the time of the country’s transition to DTG, it still had a relatively large stock of EFV 600 mg, the strength suitable for CLHIV ages 10–14 years and the use of which slowed the DTG transition process.

Similarly, according to WHO, in 2021, several countries in Africa reported having large stocks of EFV that prevented or delayed the transition to DTG [9]. Strategies they adopted to manage the EFV stock and facilitate the transition to DTG included phasing out EFV procurement; using existing stock for patients stable on EFV or with contraindications to DTG; prioritizing DTG for new patients, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and patients with virological failure or toxicity on EFV; implementing MMD and differentiated service delivery models to reduce clinic visits and optimize drug supply; strengthening pharmacovigilance and monitoring systems to track drug utilization, adverse events, and resistance patterns; and engaging with stakeholders, including donors, manufacturers, civil society, and patients, to ensure alignment and coordination of the transition process.

The nonavailability of DTG in a strength lower than 50 mg until March 2022 emphasizes the critical role of supply chain management and forecasting systems and the importance of ability to access the correct pediatric formulations to support changes in ARV regimens as normative guidance evolves. In addition to these key enabling factors to ensure adequate stock of DTG for children, the availability and accessibility of DTG for children under 5 years has also been limited by factors such as low capacity and use of diagnostic tools to determine the weight and HIV status of children and a lack of skilled health workers and caregivers to administer and monitor DTG for children [9].

Quantifying the amounts of the formulations needed for CLHIV for procurement purposes requires data about the weight distribution of those children requiring ARV drugs, yet monthly stock monitoring in Togo relies upon age rather than weight, potentially leading to inaccurate forecasting. Hence, setting up a monitoring system that accurately documents this information or uses standard age-to-weight conversions to estimate the weight-band breakdown is a critical long-term goal [10].

Comparison of the overall increase in VL testing coverage, VLS, and DTG coverage showed a linear correlation and a proportionally similar increase of 1.8, 1.3, and 1.3 times, respectively. This VLS increase aligns with a large retrospective cohort study across six countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, indicating that DTG is effective in achieving VLS among CLHIV [11].

However, in our project, the 95% benchmark for VLS was not reached (82% at endline). One reason could be that barriers specific to in-person ART adherence counseling for CLHIV and caregivers and the lack of complementary virtual counseling offered limited how much adherence counseling CLHIV/caregivers received. Other factors included the low reported ART and VL literacy of caregivers, non-disclosure of HIV status to CLHIV by caregivers, and program inability to provide ART at the community level when CLHIV/caregivers could not come to the health facility.

When disaggregated by age, the VLS increase was similar across age groups while the increase in DTG coverage differed. Among CLHIV 5–9 years, the group where DTG coverage was highest and reached essentially all CLHIV currently on treatment, VLS may have been affected by low adherence to the medications. In the lower and upper age bands (under 5 years and 10–14 years), VLS may have been impacted by lower DTG coverage (68% and 46%, respectively). Before DTG 10 mg became available in March 2022, the challenges in using DTG 50 mg were also a likely factor for the younger age group.

The methods used to assess ART adherence—i.e., self-report and ARV refills—could have been misleading in health care worker decision-making around the frequency of adherence support provided, though similar methods have been used successfully in other studies conducted in Africa whereby adherence levels predicted through pharmacy refill were strongly associated with virological suppression [12,13].

ART adherence challenges for CLHIV/caregivers present the main barrier to achieving viral suppression among CLHIV, and delays in addressing them are likely to result in adverse treatment outcomes [14]. Studies have shown an increase in VLS with adherence counseling that assesses barriers to adherence and helps clients develop an adherence plan with concrete objectives that take into account psychological, emotional, and socioeconomic factors [15]. Given that CLHIV depend on caregivers in order to take the medication, it is critical to understand the nature of adherence behavior among caregivers and anticipate potential threats to optimal compliance. A qualitative study from Togo showed that lack of disclosure of positive HIV status and self-stigma negatively affected ART adherence among CLHIV [16]. The collection of qualitative data to learn caregivers’ experiences and perceptions around transition and adherence to the DTG-containing regimen is recommended for future research to identify barriers and develop solutions.

The provision of psychosocial support to caregivers after their children’s HIV diagnosis and during CLHIV’s first months on ART is crucial to prevent, identify, and address barriers to optimal treatment adherence [17,18]. In our project, over time the psychosocial support provided by the mediators shifted toward engaging expert patients and later mentor mothers, but the mediators themselves were not necessarily mothers of CLHIV, in contrast to other studies [19]. This may have negatively affected the support given to caregivers if the mediators did not have a full understanding of the challenges faced by mothers of CLHIV. In turn, this could have affected the children’s adherence and attainment of VLS.

Viral suppression can be much lower among children than adults, including because children rely on others to administer their medications and ensure clinic attendance, and caregivers often face psychosocial and economic barriers that directly affect child clinical outcomes. Fidelity to and reinforcement of adherence strategies, as well as efforts to improve ART and VL literacy and provide psychosocial support to caregivers, is key, particularly when the switch to DTG is accelerated.

No differences in interruption in treatment were observed over time, suggesting that increased DTG coverage did not affect it. Likewise, deaths were close to 0% across all time points and ages, making it unlikely that increased DTG coverage had any impact.

Of note, the “solution” interventions that contributed to the scale-up of DTG coverage also led to several spillover effects. First, as CLHIV were initiated on or transitioned to a DTG-containing regimen, they were also line listed for subsequent VL testing, helping to increase VL testing coverage. In addition, the enhanced ART adherence support provided contributed to increased rates of VLS. In turn, the higher number of virally suppressed CLHIV was correlated with more CLHIV eligible for MMD and resulted in higher MMD coverage.

MMD has been found a feasible model among CLHIV in sub-Saharan Africa [20]. Our analysis showed that at endline, PEPFAR’s 80% MMD coverage benchmark had been attained, creating a strong basis for CLHIV on a DTG-containing regimen to sustain viral suppression, as demonstrated in other studies [21]. However, since the VLS benchmark was not reached, it is possible that the CLHIV were on suboptimal doses due to failure to adjust dosing with increasing weight. This lends support to the WHO-recommended use of weight bands in DTG dosing for children as vital for MMD implementation in this population [8,22,23].

This analysis also highlights the key role of routine patient-level data use to successfully monitor transitions to new ARVs. This represents important information for the national HIV response in Togo, as other countries such as Kenya have already enhanced the national health information management system to determine eligible clients and prioritize the switch [24].

Further research is needed in non-trial settings to identify barriers to DTG transition among CLHIV under 5 years and 10–14 years.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that in this setting, implementation of a standardized package of interventions designed to respond to specific bottlenecks is feasible and can successfully scale up DTG-containing regimens as part of ART optimization strategies for CLHIV. Furthermore, the solutions employed to scale up DTG resulted in other important spillover effects, such as increased VL testing coverage, VLS, and MMD coverage.

We believe that our multifaceted, combined approaches, which included provision of comprehensive multidisciplinary care (e.g., mediator, nurses, clinicians, pharmacists, laboratory technician, data manager, and project coordinator), the mediator-led educational and supportive strategies focused on CLHIV and caregiver needs, VL monitoring strategies, regimen-related strategies, differentiated service delivery strategies (e.g., MMD), and data-driven decision-making are more effective than one specific intervention. Additionally, the solutions which focused on optimizing the use of social and community support services represent an important aspect for sustainability of the interventions and long-term epidemic control.

However, the overall moderate increase in DTG coverage specifically among children under 5 years and ≥10 years emphasizes the importance of a robust supply chain management system, ARV stock visibility and documentation at the site level, and the need to capacitate and empower the health care workers to prescribe DTG to all eligible CLHIV as one of the most effective and safe ART options currently available.

Studies that use individual-level data and data on advanced HIV disease, VL status at DTG initiation, caregiver characteristics, adherence, counseling services, MMD, and DTG supply availability, will be critical to better understand the factors that can drive scale-up of DTG coverage among CLHIV.

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge and thank the National AIDS Council and National AIDS Program of the Ministry of Health of Togo, as well as the teams who provided services at the health facilities included in this analysis.