About the Authors

Andreas Hartmann

andreas.hartmann@aphp.fr

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Julia Müllner

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Niklaus Meier

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Helke Hesekamp

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Priscilla van Meerbeeck

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Marie-Odile Habert

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Aurélie Kas

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Marie-Laure Tanguy

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Merry Mazmanian

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Hervé Oya

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Nissen Abuaf

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Dermatologie et d’Allérgie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France

Hafida Gaouar

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Dermatologie et d’Allérgie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France

Sabrina Salhi

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé, Paris, France

Fanny Charbonnier-Beaupel

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pharmacie, Secteur Essais Cliniques et Dispensation des Médicaments aux Patients Externes, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Marie-Hélène Fievet

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pharmacie, Secteur Essais Cliniques et Dispensation des Médicaments aux Patients Externes, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Damien Galanaud

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Sophie Arguillere

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Emmanuel Roze

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Bertrand Degos

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

David Grabli

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Lucette Lacomblez

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Cécile Hubsch

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Marie Vidailhet

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Anne-Marie Bonnet

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Jean-Christophe Corvol

Contributed equally to this work with: Jean-Christophe Corvol, Michael Schüpbach

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Michael Schüpbach

Contributed equally to this work with: Jean-Christophe Corvol, Michael Schüpbach

Affiliation Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), UPMC, INSERM, ICM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Competing Interests

Dr Hartmann hold parts on a patent for the use of bee venom in the treatment of Parkinson disease [https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP08827269&tab=main/; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=20130122&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=8357658B2&KC=B2&ND=5]. The main patent holder is the APHP. He has received a travel grant from Novartis, and received research support from "France Parkinson"; Dr Habert received hononaria from GE healthcare as a consultant and from PIRAMAL as a speaker; Dr Kas received honoraria from Piramal Pharmaceuticals for Reader Training session; Dr Roze is the recipient of a grant "poste d'accueil" AP-HP/CNRS. He received research support from INSERM (COSSEC), AP-HP (DRC-PHRC), Fondation pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau (FRC), Merz-Pharma, Orkyn, IP santé, Ultragenyx; served on scientific advisory boards for Orkyn,Ultragenyx and Merz-pharma; received speech honorarium from Merz-pharma, Novartis, Ipsen-Pharma and Orkyn, received travel funding from Ipsen-Pharma, Teva, Abbvie, Merz-Pharma, Dystonia Europe, the Georgian Medical and Public Health Association the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, and the Movement Disorders Society; Dr Degos received research support from INSERM (COSSEC), patient's association France Parkinson, received travel fundings from Novartis, Teva, Lundbeck, MERZ-pharma, received speech honorarium from Novartis and Medtronic, and served on scientific advisory boards for Aguettant; Dr Grabli is the recipient of a grant "Contrat Interface" AP-HP/INSERM. He received research support from AP-HP (DRC-PHRC), France Parkinson; served on scientific advisory boards for AbbVie; received speech honorarium from UCB, Teva and Medtronic, received travel funding from Teva, Novartis and Abbvie; Dr Lacomblez received honoraria for clinical trials from GSK, Trophos, Biogen; received grants from AFM, ARSLA, Agence National pour la Recherche (ANR), served on the scientific Advisory Board for Novartis, received travel grants from Merck-Serono; Dr Vidailhet has been an invited speaker at International meetings (ENS, EFNS and MDS, COST dystonia meetings) with refunds of travel expenses. She is on the scientific advisory board of Merz and has been on the advisory board of Novartis and Teva. She has received unrestricted research grants from DHOS-INSERM and ANR (French National Institutes) and from AMADYS and Alliance France Dystonie (patient associations); Dr Bonnet hold parts on a patent (see link) for the use of bee venom in the treatment of Parkinson disease. The main patent holder is the APHP; Dr Corvol reports grants from the French Ministry of Health, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, Ipsen, Sanofi-Aventis; travel grants from Teva, Lundbeck, UCB, Novartis; honoraria from Abbvie, Pfizer, Zambon; stocks from A&B Therapeutics; Dr Schüpbach served on an advisory board for Aleva and Lundbeck. He serves as a consultant to Medtronic and Aleva. He received research grants from Medtronic and Boston Scientific. He has received reimbursement of travel expenses and congress fees and has received lecture fees from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Merz Pharma, Zambon, Actelion, Aleva. He received a research grant from "Parkinson Schweiz". He also holds parts on a patent (see link) for the use of bee venom in the treatment of Parkinson disease. The main patent holder is the APHP. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS policy on sharing data or materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AH, MOH, MLT, MM, HO, NA, HG, SS, JCC, MS. Performed the experiments: AH, JM, NM, HH, PVM, MOH, AK. Analyzed the data: AH, MHO, MLT, MM, HO, NA, HG, DG, JCC, MS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MLT, MOH, AK, NA. Wrote the paper: AH, JM, NM, HH, PVM, MOH, AK, MLT, MM, HO, NA, HG, SS, FCB, MHF, DG, SA, ER, BD, DG, LL, CH, MV, AMB, JCC, MS.