http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-4518
Figures
Abstract
Peripheral blood-derived inflammation-based markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are indicators of prognosis in various malignant tumors. The present study aimed to identify the inflammation-based parameters that are most suitable for predicting outcomes in patients with breast cancer. Two hundred ninety-six patients who underwent surgery for localized breast cancer were reviewed retrospectively. The association between clinicopathological factors and inflammation-based parameters were investigated. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify independent prognostic indicators associated with disease-free survival (DFS). The NLR level correlated significantly with tumor size (P<0.05). The PLR level correlated with the expression of estrogen receptor and lymph node involvement (P<0.05). Univariate analysis revealed that lower CRP and PLR values as well as tumor size, lymph node involvement, and nuclear grade were significantly associated with superior DFS (CRP: P<0.01; PLR, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and nuclear grade: P<0.05). On multivariate analysis, CRP (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–7.88, P<0.05), PLR (HR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.07–6.36, P<0.05) and nuclear grade (HR: 3.066, 95% CI: 1.26–7.49, P<0.05) were significant prognostic indicators of DFS in patients with breast cancer. Neither LMR nor NLR significantly predicted DFS. Both preoperative CRP and PLR values were independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast carcinoma; these were superior to other inflammation-based scores in terms of prognostic ability.
Citation: Takeuchi H, Kawanaka H, Fukuyama S, Kubo N, Hiroshige S, Yano T (2017) Comparison of the prognostic values of preoperative inflammation-based parameters in patients with breast cancer. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177137
Editor: William B. Coleman, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: January 19, 2017; Accepted: April 21, 2017; Published: May 10, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Takeuchi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. As a result of improved treatments and earlier detection, the mortality rate associated with breast cancer has decreased in most Western countries in recent years. However, breast cancer remains the third-leading cause of cancer-related death in Europe and the United States [1].
Identification of prognostic indicators, which allow for the proper risk stratification of cancer patients and the selection of appropriate treatment, remains the subject of intense investigation in breast cancer. Recently, molecular kits (e.g., Oncotype Dx and Mammaprint) have been used to predict prognostic information in patients with breast cancer; however, The National Health Insurance does not support the routine evaluation for breast cancer using these kits in Japan because of their high cost and limited regional availability [2]. Therefore, the evaluation of patients’ prognoses using simple, inexpensive, and easily interpretable clinical parameters is an unmet need.
It is well known that systemic inflammatory responses play an important role in cancer progression [3, 4]. The tumor microenvironment, which is regulated by inflammatory cells, is clearly involved in the neoplastic process, including the stimulation of proliferation, migration, and survival [3]. Systemic inflammatory responses are characteristically reflected by changes in the relative levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and circulating white blood cells, resulting in a change in the proportions of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. These factors have been investigated as surrogate markers in tumor biology [3]. Therefore, peripheral blood-derived inflammation-based parameters, such as the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and CRP levels (all of which can be assessed at lower costs and less complicated expenditures compared to complex molecular markers) have been reported to be independent prognostic biomarkers in various types of tumors [3, 5–7]. We have also shown that the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a significant prognostic marker in patients with breast cancer [8].
To the best of our knowledge, the optimal inflammation-based parameter for predicting the outcome of patients with breast cancer among the many that have been revealed so far has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare the prognostic value of these inflammation-based parameters in patients with breast cancer.
Patients and methods
Patients
The medical records of 459 breast cancer patients who underwent surgery at the National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center between April 2005 and December 2014 were reviewed and retrospectively analyzed. The exclusion criteria were: (i) patients with distant metastases at initial presentation (n = 10), carcinoma in situ (n = 50), bilateral breast carcinoma (n = 19), and male breast carcinoma (n = 5); (ii) patients with comorbidities that affected serum CRP levels, including infection (n = 1), collagen disease (n = 1), and liver cirrhosis (n = 7); and (iii) patients with incomplete laboratory data (n = 68). Ultimately, 296 patients were eligible for analysis and were reviewed retrospectively.
Adjuvant therapy was administered according to the St. Gallen recommendations [9]. Follow-up care was performed at regular intervals (3-month intervals during years 1–5 and, 6-month intervals during years 5–10 post-diagnosis). Follow-up investigations included clinical examinations, laboratory data analyses (including carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate-antigen 15–3), and radiological assessment (computed tomography and mammography) every 6–12 months.
Pathological characteristics
Pathological data were reviewed to determine the tumor size, nuclear grade, lymph node involvement, hormone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor statuses were evaluated via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tumors with nuclear expression levels ≥1% were deemed positive. HER2 status was assessed via IHC or fluorescence in situ hybridization and was considered positive if the IHC score was 3 or if its expression was at least 2.2-fold stronger than the CEP-17 signal in tumor cells [10].
Inflammatory parameters
Blood samples were obtained via peripheral venous puncture before the initiation of any treatment modality. Serum CRP levels were measured routinely with an automatic nephelometer (TBA-c16000; Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, JAPAN); neutrophils, platelets, lymphocytes and monocytes were also measured routinely with a different automatic nephelometer (XE-5000; Sysmex Corporation, Tokyo, JAPAN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Assays were performed by medical technicians who were unaware of the study subjects’ clinical information. The NLR, LMR, and PLR were calculated as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count divided by the absolute monocyte count, and absolute platelet count divided by absolute lymphocyte count, respectively.
Statistical analysis
The primary endpoint of the study was disease-free survival (DFS), which was defined as the interval between the date of any initial treatment and the first detection of disease relapse.
Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off values for prognostic factors related to DFS. The score with maximum sensitivity and specificity was selected as the approximate cut-off value for each parameter. The area under the curve was also calculated. Comparisons between groups were performed using Fisher’s exact test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the DFS rates.
Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for prognostic factors using the Cox proportional hazards model. Variables that proved to be significant on univariate analysis were subsequently subjected to a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Hazard ratios (HRs) estimated using the Cox analysis are reported as relative risks with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analyses were performed using EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation for statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). EZR is a modified version of R Commander that is designed to include the statistical functions frequently used in biostatistics [11]. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Data collection
This study, including the opt-out consent method, was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the National Hospital Organization, Beppu Medical Center (2016–13). All medical data from the participants were anonymized and compiled; it was therefore determined that there was no risk of individually participating patients being identified. The study plan and choice to freely refuse participation were announced through the hospital bulletin at the National Organization Beppu Medical Center. Patients were considered to have consented to the study if they did not request to refuse participation.
Results
Patient characteristics
The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1.
The optimal cut-off values that were determined by ROC for CRP, LMR, NLR, and PLR are shown in Table 2. Based on these cut-off values, we separated the patients into two groups (low-value vs. high-value) in each category. Twenty-eight (9%), 250 (84%), 137 (46%), and 84 (28%) patients had high CRP, LMR, NLR, and PLR, respectively.
The relationships between inflammation-based scores and clinicopathological factors are summarized in Table 3. The NLR correlated significantly with tumor size (P<0.05). The PLR correlated with estrogen receptor expression and lymph node involvement (P<0.05).
Survival
The mean follow-up period was 41 months, during which 22 patients (7%) experienced recurrence. The DFS curves according to CRP, LMR, NLR, and PLR are shown in Fig 1A–1D. The DFS rate was significantly lower in the CRP-high group than in the CRP-low group (5-year DFS: 73.6% vs. 91.6%, respectively; P<0.01) as well as in the PLR-high group than in the PLR-low group (5-year DFS: 81.1% vs. 93.6%, respectively; P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the NLR-high and NLR-low groups (5-year DFS: 86.7% vs. 92.3%, respectively; P = 0.11), or between the LMR-high and LMR-low groups (5-year DFS: 91.6% vs. 79.6%, respectively; P = 0.059) (Fig 1).
(A) C-reactive protein (CRP); (B) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); (C) lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR); and (D) platelet-to-lympho cyte ratio (PLR).
Univariate analysis revealed a significant impact of the tumor size, lymph node involvement, nuclear grade, CRP, and PLR on DFS. On multivariate analysis, the nuclear grade, CRP, and PLR were independently correlated with poor prognosis (Table 4).
Discussion
Since tumor progression involves its interaction with inflammatory response molecules in its microenvironment [12], many inflammatory molecule-based scoring systems have been evaluated as prognostic indicators in various malignant tumors [5–8]. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to show that elevated preoperative CRP and PLR values are the most reliable prognostic indicators in patients with breast cancer among such inflammatory response markers.
Neutrophils suppress the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and activated T-cells [13]. Furthermore, tumor-associated neutrophils promote remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which results in the release of basic fibroblast growth factor, the migration of endothelial cells, and the dissociation of tumor cells from their primary mass. These events ultimately result in enhanced angiogenesis, tumor growth, and progression to a metastatic phenotype [14, 15].
Monocytes can differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages are actively recruited at the tumor site by tumor-derived chemotactic factors, where they accelerate tumor progression through the production of growth factors and cytokines that lead to angiogenesis and anti-immune responses [7, 16].
Platelets can accumulate following the stimulation of megakaryocytes by inflammatory mediators that are released by the tumor or its microenvironment, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-3 and IL-6 [17]. Such platelets can express elevated levels of platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet factor 4, which can stimulate tumor cell proliferation and adhesion to other cells and lead to tumor growth and metastasis [18].
Lymphocytes have a major role in cancer immune-surveillance that targets tumor cell proliferation and metastasis [19]. With the help of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells can control tumor growth by their cytotoxic activity and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells [20].
Taken together, elevated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets, as well as lower lymphocyte levels, may correspond to tumor aggressiveness, and constitute adverse prognostic biomarkers in various cancers. Therefore, it is biologically feasible that a combined index of the NLR, LMR, and PLR could be a novel indicator of malignant potential and prognosis in various tumors.
CRP is a nonspecific inflammatory acute-phase protein, the production of which is upregulated in hepatocytes through exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [21]. These inflammatory cytokines are also known to influence the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of tumor cells [12]. Consistent with previous studies of colorectal [21], esophageal [22], and hepatic carcinomas [8], an elevated serum CRP concentration is an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in patients with breast carcinoma.
Azab et al. [23] reported that the NLR was a predictor of mortality in breast cancer; this was inconsistent with our results. However, their studies involved patients of different geographic regions and races, as well as different cut-off values and survival endpoints. Because Caucasians have higher peripheral blood neutrophil counts than do Asians, as well as lower lymphocyte counts [24], the traditional NLR cut-off value may not be applicable. We have shown that an NLR of 2.06 is the optimal threshold to predict survival by using ROC analysis. Moreover, we used DFS as the endpoint to assess the prognostic value of the NLR in our study; this ought to exclude the influence of non-cancer related deaths on the data.
Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, the study involved a relatively short follow-up period that may have selected only for the fastest-growing tumors, in addition to a small sample size and single-center design. Second, the study’s retrospective design renders it susceptible to selection and analytical biases. Third, the study could have benefitted from a larger sample size. Nevertheless, our data indicated that increased preoperative CRP and PLR might represent an independent prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer.
Conclusions
Ours is the first study to evaluate the prognostic value of easily obtainable peripheral inflammation-based parameters simultaneously. Our results suggest that the preoperative CRP and PLR values significantly affect DFS in patients with breast carcinoma, and are superior to the NLR and LMR in terms of prognostic reliability. However, further validation and feasibility studies are required to better understand the roles of the preoperative CRP levels and PLR values.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Yasuji Yoshikawa (Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center) for helpful discussion and critical review of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: HT.
- Data curation: HT HK.
- Formal analysis: HT HK TY.
- Funding acquisition: HK.
- Investigation: HT SF.
- Methodology: SH.
- Project administration: NK.
- Resources: HT.
- Software: SF.
- Supervision: HT.
- Validation: HT HK TY.
- Visualization: HT.
- Writing – original draft: HT.
- Writing – review & editing: HT.
References
- 1. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49: 1374–1403. pmid:23485231
- 2. Drukker CA, Bueno-de-Mesquita JM, Retèl VP, van Harten WH, van Tinteren H, Wesseling J, et al. A prospective evaluation of a breast cancer prognosis signature in the observational RASTER study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133: 929–936. pmid:23371464
- 3. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002; 420: 860–867. pmid:12490959
- 4. Sandler RS, Halabi S, Baron JA, Budinger S, Paskett E, Keresztes R, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. New Eng J Med. 2003;348: 883–890. pmid:12621132
- 5. Wei X, Huang F, Wei Y, Jing H, Xie M, Hao X., et al. Low lymphocyte to monocyte ratio predicts unfavorable prognosis in non-germinal center type diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Leuk Res. 2014;38: 694–698. pmid:24713260
- 6. Wang D, Yang JX, Cao DY, Wan XR, Feng FZ, Huang HF, et al. Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios as independent predictors of cervical stromal involvement in surgically treated endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6: 211–216. pmid:23525143
- 7. Hashimoto K, Ikeda Y, Korenaga D, Tanoue K, Hamatake K, Kawasaki K, et al. The impact of preoperative serum C-reactive protein on the prognosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103: 1856–1864. pmid:15779015
- 8. Takeuchi H, Fukuyama S, Kubo N, Hiroshige S, Kawanaka H, Yoshikawa Y, et al. The prognostic significance of the preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio in Japanese patients with localized breast cancer. Adv Breast Cancer Res. 2016;5: 49–57.
- 9. Goldhirsch A, Wood WC, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ, et al. Strategies for subtypes -dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: highlight of the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011. Ann Oncol. 2011;22: 1736–1747. pmid:21709140
- 10. Noh H, Eomm M, Han A. Usefulness of pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting disease-specific survival in breast cancer patients. J Breast Cancer. 2013;16: 55–59. pmid:23593082
- 11. Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software “EZR” for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48: 452–458. pmid:23208313
- 12. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet. 2001;357: 539–548. pmid:11229684
- 13. Yamanaka T, Matsumoto S, Taramukai S, Ishikawa R, Nagai Y, Fukushima M. The baseline ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is associated with patient prognosis in advanced gastric cancer. Oncology. 2007;73: 215–220. pmid:18424885
- 14. Teramukai S, Kitano T, Kishida Y, Kawahara M, Kubota K, Komuta K, et al. Pretreatment neutrophil count as an independent prognostic factor in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of Japan Multinational Trial Organisation LC00-03. Eur J Cancer.2009;45: 1950–1958. pmid:19231158
- 15. Asahi Y, Kubonishi I, Imamura J, Kamioka M, Matsushita H, Furihata M, et al. Establishment of a clonal cell line producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and parathyroid hormone-related protein from a lung cancer patient with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996;87: 451–458. pmid:8641981
- 16. Steidl C, Lee T, Shah SP, Farinha P, Han G, Nayar T, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages and survival in classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Eng J Med. 2010; 362: 875–885.
- 17. Alexandrakis MG, Passam FH, Perisinakis K, Ganotakis E, Marqantinis G, Kyriakou DS, et al. Serum proinflammatory cytokines and its relationship to clinical parameters in lung cancer patients with reactive thrombocytosis. Respir Med. 2002; 96: 553–558. pmid:12195834
- 18. Peterson JE, Zurakowski D, Italiano JE Jr, Michel LV, Connors S, Oenick M, et al. VEGF, PF4 and PDGF are elevated in platelets of colorectal cancer patients. Angiogenesis. 2012;15: 265–273. pmid:22402885
- 19. Ownby HE, Roi LD, Isenberg RR, Brennan MJ. Peripheral lymphocyte and eosinophil counts as indicator of prognosis in primary breast cancer. Cancer. 1983; 52: 126–130. pmid:6850535
- 20. Hiraoka K, Miyamoto M, Cho Y, Suzuoki M, Oshikiri T, Nakakubo Y, et al. Concurrent infiltration by CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells is a favourable prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2006;94: 275–280. pmid:16421594
- 21. Du Clos TW. Function of C-reactive protein. Ann Med. 2000;32: 274–278. pmid:10852144
- 22. Nozoe T, Saeki H, Sugimachi K. Significance of preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of prognosis in esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2001;182: 197–201. pmid:11574097
- 23. Azab B, Bhatt VR, Phookan J, Murukutla S, Kohn N, Tejanian T, et al. Usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting short- and long-term mortality in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19: 217–224. pmid:21638095
- 24. Bain B, Seed M, Godsland I. Normal value for peripheral blood white cell count in women of four different ethnic origins. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37, 188–193. pmid:6693578