Figures
Abstract
Background
The caesarean delivery (CD) rate has risen in most countries over the last decades, but it remains relatively low in the Netherlands. Our objective was to analyse the trends of CD rates in various subgroups of women between 2000 and 2010, and identify the practice pattern that is attributable to the relative stability of the Dutch CD rate.
Methods
A total of 1,935,959 women from the nationwide Perinatal Registry of the Netherlands were included. Women were categorized into ten groups based on the modified CD classification scheme. Trends of CD rates in each group were described.
Results
The overall CD rate increased slightly from 14.0% in 2000–2001 to 16.7% in 2010. Fetal, early and late neonatal mortality rates decreased by 40–50% from 0.53%, 0.21%, 0.04% in 2000–2001 to 0.29%, 0.12%, 0.02% in 2010, respectively. During this period, the prevalence of non-vertex presentation decreased from 6.7% to 5.3%, even though the CD rate in this group was high. The nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labor at term and a singleton child in vertex presentation had a CD rate of 9.9%, and 64.7% of multiparous women with at least one previous uterine scar and a singleton child in vertex presentation had a trial of labor and the success rate of vaginal delivery was 45.9%.
Citation: Zhao Y, Zhang J, Hukkelhoven C, Offerhaus P, Zwart J, Jonge Ad, et al. (2016) Modest Rise in Caesarean Section from 2000-2010: The Dutch Experience. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155565. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155565
Editor: Fatima Crispi, University of Barcelona, SPAIN
Received: January 22, 2016; Accepted: April 29, 2016; Published: May 18, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was partly supported by a fund from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (81273091) and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (14XD1403300) for YJZ and JZh, and a career grant (VENI) from ZonMw for ADJ. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
There has been much concern about the increasing rate of caesarean delivery (CD) in most high-resource countries over the past decades. The potential explanation for this progressive trend is multifaceted, including changing characteristics of women and her pregnancy such as increasing maternal body mass, delayed childbearing, more multiple gestations, and a lower rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC)[1,2]. Socio-cultural factors also contribute to the rising CD rate such as maternal request[3], socio-cultural attitudes[4], and the obstetricians’ fear of litigation[5]. However, a few countries, such as the Netherlands, are the exceptions where the CD rate has remained relatively low and almost stable in the last decade [6–9]. Their CD practice may give us a unique opportunity to understand how to maintain a relatively low CD rate while continuing to improve perinatal outcomes. This information may be useful in implementing strategies to optimize CD practices in other countries.
The lack of a reliable and standard classification scheme has hampered attempts to audit and analyze underlying causes of the rising CD trends[10,11]. To this end, the Robson ten group classification scheme[10,11] was developed in 2001. It categorizes CD according to the characteristics of each woman and her pregnancy. It has gained increasing acceptance by the obstetric community. However, after being in use for over a decade, suggestions to improve the classification scheme have been proposed[12,13]. For example, several investigators recommended to separate labor induction from prelabor CD[13]. Recently, Zhang et al. suggested to combine three non-cephalic groups into one to keep the total groups to 10 since breech vaginal birth is no longer promoted in many countries and because of the low numbers for non-cephalic presentations[12]. Furthermore, in the Robson classification scheme subgroups are labeled as one to ten. It is challenging to recognize all these figures for their specific meaning. We, therefore, propose a new labeling scheme using only two letters to make the group label more intuitive (Table 1).
The aims of this study are to (1) describe the CD rate over a recent decade in the Netherlands based on the modified classification scheme; (2) identify the underlying factors in CD practice associated with the relatively low CD rate by examining the change in CD rate in different maternal age, gestational age and birthweight categories.
Materials and Methods
The Dutch data
We used data from the national database, the Perinatal Registry (‘Perinatale Registratie–PR’, previously called PRN) of the Netherlands. Data on antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care are available in three separate databases: primary midwife-led care (LVR1), obstetrician-led care (LVR2), and neonatal care (LNR). The three databases are combined via a validated linkage method[14]. PR contains approximately 95% of all births in the Netherlands[15].
In this study, we selected records of births at a gestational age from 28 weeks + 0 days to 44 weeks + 6 days for the period 2000 to 2010. Given the importance of mode of birth in our analysis, we excluded the birth records that contained no information on mode of birth. We analysed data for infant characteristics on birth data, and maternal characteristics on pregnancy data. In case of a multiple pregnancy, we selected the record of the second baby of multiplets to identify the maternal characteristics.
Definition of variables
The recorded characteristics consisted of maternal age, ethnicity, parity, socioeconomic status (SES). Given that there are no linear relationship between the outcome and some continuous variables (such as birthweight, gestational age), we choose certain categories and not describe them as continuous variables. Maternal age was categorized into four groups: <20, 20–29, 30–34,≥35 years. SES was derived from social status scores based on an available four digits postal code, developed by the National Institute for Social Research which takes into account the level of education, employment, and income[16]. SES was classified as low (below 25th percentile), medium (between 25th and 75th percentile), and high (above 75th percentile). Given that the ethnic background recorded in PR was not categorized precisely and may not always be consistent in the various non-Dutch categories, we classified ethnicity as Dutch or non-Dutch[16]. Pregnancy related variables included parity (nulliparous and multiparous women), past CD (none, one or more), gestational age at birth (28–31, 32–36, ≥37 weeks), fetal presentation (vertex, non-vertex), number of fetuses (singleton, multiple) and infant birth weight (<2500, 2500–4000, >4000 g).
Data analysis
We first described the characteristics and perinatal outcomes of all births/pregnancies from 2000 to 2010. We then calculated the CD rates in the 10 groups of the modified Robson classification system. The main outcomes of this analysis were the CD rate for each group, and its contribution to the overall CD rate. Finally, we examined the change in CD rate over time in different maternal age, birthweight and gestational age. All analyses were performed with the statistical software package SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
From 2000 to 2010, the PR data contained 1,940,649 pregnancies with 1,977,853 newborns in total with a gestational age from 28 weeks + 0 days to 44 weeks + 6 days. We excluded 4690 (0.03%) pregnancies that contained no information on mode of birth, leaving 1,935,959 pregnancies for analysis.
Table 2 shows the characteristics of all births/pregnancies. The maternal age over 35 years increased from 17.8 percent in 2000–2001 to 21.6 percent in 2010. The proportion of non-Dutch women increased from 18.4 to 22.4 percent. The percentage of multiple gestations decreased from 2.0 to 1.6 percent of all pregnancies over that decade. The prevalence of non-vertex presentation changed from 6.7% to 5.3%. The overall CD rate increased slightly from 14.0% in 2000–2001 to 16.7% in 2010 with the primary and repeat CD rates slowly but steadily increasing. Fetal, early and late neonatal mortality rates decreased by 40–50% from 0.53%, 0.21%, 0.04% in 2000–2001 to 0.29%, 0.12%, 0.02% in 2010, respectively. In 2000–2001, 70.9% of women with a uterine scar had a trial of labor, of which 53.2% had a successful vaginal birth compared with the 64.7% trial of labor and 45.9% success rate in 2010.
Table 3 presents the caesarean delivery rates and proportion of total cesarean in subgroups of women with births from 28+0 to 44+6 gestational weeks. The three major contributors for the total CD from 2000 to 2010 were: Groups BR(Breech), NS (nulliparous, spontaneous term labour) and PC (Previous Caesarean). It is interesting to point out that over the study period, the CD rate increased substantially in Group BR (68.0% to 81.8%) and it remains the largest contributor to the overall CD rate even though its relative contribution to the overall CD rate decreased from 27.2% to 21.3%. Likewise, Group TW (Twins/multiplets) had a large increase in CD rate from 37.6% to 47.9% but a decreased contribution to the overall CD rate due to fewer multiple pregnancies. Groups NI (Nulliparous Induced term labour), MI (Multiparous Induced term labour) and MC (Multiparous without uterine scar, term CD before labour) also had a modest increase in the contributions to the overall CD rates. Although the CD rate increased for the Group NS from 8.1% to 9.9%, the contribution to the total CD rate has remained stable (18.7% in 2000–2001 and 18.4% in 2010).
Fig 1 shows the CD rate by the level of care at the onset of labor in singleton births from 28+0 to 44+6 gestational weeks with vertex presentation and no previous CD. Among nulliparous and multiparous women, the CD rate showed a modest increase both for women starting labor at primary and secondary care from 2000 to 2010. For nulliparous women in secondary care at the start of labor, there was a considerable rise in the intrapartum CD rate and a small decline in the prelabor CD rate. When the prelabor and intrapartum CD were combined, a small increase was observed.
Fig 2 presents the trends of CD rates by maternal age in 2000–2001, 2004–2005, 2010. Among singleton births from 28+0 to 44+6 gestational weeks with vertex presentation and no previous cesarean delivery, with increasing maternal age, the intrapartum CD, prelabor CD and total CD rate increased in nulliparous women. Most of the increase came from intrapartum CD while the prelabor CD rates remained low. There was a noticeable increase in CD rates over the years even within the same maternal age category.
Figs 3 and 4 show that the CD rates decreased with gestational age until 39–40 weeks and with birthweight until 3000–3499g, particularly for prelabor CD. Within the group of preterm birth and low birthweight (< 2500 grams), the total CD rates were similar among nulliparous and multiparous women and the largest part of the overall CD rate was due to prelabor CD. The CD rates increased more in preterm or low birthweight births than in term and normal weight births.
Discussion
A recent study suggested that national cesarean delivery rates of up to approximately 19 per 100 live births were associated with lower neonatal mortality among WHO member states[17]. The Netherlands has one of the lowest CD rates among developed countries[9] and still kept it below 19 percent in the past decade. At the same time, perinatal outcomes continue to improve remarkably. By an in-depth examination using the modified Robson classification system, we found that the CD rates increased for all subgroups but changes differed among different groups. For example, the CD rate in pregnancies with abnormal fetal presentation(Group BR) increased substantially from 68.0% to 81.8% during the study. This is consistent with the international trend of a rising planned CD rate for non-vertex births[18,19]. Interestingly, the relative contribution of this group to the overall CD rate actually decreased from 27.2% to 21.3%. Likewise, the CD rate in the multiple gestation (Group TW) has increased from 37.6% to 47.9% from 2000 to 2010 while its relative contribution has decreased from 5.3% to 4.7%. These findings indicate that external cephalic version may be practiced more often, and a reduction in multiple pregnancies. CDs in several groups of term pregnancies with vertex fetuses (NS, MI, MC, PC) became more common, and the groups NI, MI and PC also contributed to the overall rise in CDs.
The CD rate of Group NS is often used for international comparisons[20,21]. In the Netherlands, this group accounted for roughly one-third of all births[12]. It made the second highest contribution to the overall CD rate. The CD rate in this group has risen slightly over the past decades, perhaps partially due to increasing maternal age. The relatively low CD rate in this group also contributes to fewer repeat CDs in the Netherlands compared to other countries[22].
Nevertheless, the CD rate among multiparous women with previous CD (Group PC) increased (from 43.5% to 51.5%), and this group made the third largest contribution to the overall CD rate. Its contribution has been rising (from 15.0% to 18.1%). Despite the fact that the rate of trial of labor after a previous CD is still higher in the Netherlands than in many other countries[23,24], this rate is declining and so is the VBAC success rate. Studies have suggested that several factors such as safety concerns may have contributed to fewer successful VBAC[24–26]. Coupled with a rising CD rate among nulliparous women, the overall CD rate is likely to increase in the Netherlands in the near future.
The Dutch obstetric care system is divided into primary care and secondary care. Primary care is provided by midwives to healthy women with low risk pregnancies. Secondary obstetrician-led care is mainly provided for complicated pregnancies and childbirth. Pregnant women at low risk of complications can choose to give birth at home or in hospital in midwife-led care. If risk factors arise before or during labor, women will be referred to secondary care. More than half of the women in the Netherlands were in primary midwife-led care at the onset of labor[8]. Observational studies in developed countries showed that midwife-led care for low risk women is associated with lower CD rates[27,28]. However, this model in the Netherlands has changed slightly in the past decade. More low risk women in midwife-led care plan their birth in hospital under the care of an independent midwife at the onset of labor[28]. A study showed that in the Netherlands planned hospital birth is associated with higher intervention rates[29]. Also, more women are referred from primary midwife-led care to obstetrician-led care, prenatally as well as intrapartum[29]. Reasons for the higher referral rate including suspected complications during labor and epidural pain relief. When risk factors arise and women need to be referred, their risk for interventions, including a caesarean section, increases likewise.
A major strength of our study is that it was based on a national database with comprehensive information. It gave us a great opportunity to describe the CD trend and to explore practice patterns that have led to a relatively low CD rate in the Netherlands. Nonetheless, we do not have information on BMI and other important risk factors for CD. There may be a presumption that the relatively low CD rate may be due to Dutch women being taller and leaner than women in some other countries. However, a previous report showed that women in other countries had a similar BMI as Dutch women, but a much higher CD rate[30]. Thus, the BMI distribution of pregnant women may not be a critical factor for a low CD rate in a country.
Another limitation of our data lies in the fact that in registration data some information will be missing or misclassified. For example, some multiparous women have no record of a previous CD in the PR, leading to a misclassification of repeat CD to primary CD[12]. A recent study suggested that 27.4% of multiparous women with a history of CD had no record of this in the PR[31]. This may lead to an overestimation of the CD rate in the MS, MI and MC groups and underestimation of the CD rate in the PC group. The findings on the CD rate and relative contribution to the overall CD rate of this group may be inaccurate. Nonetheless, the total CD rate in the current pregnancy is not affected by this misclassification. And assuming that the underreporting of previous CD has been more or less constant during the study years, the change of CD rate, therefore, may have not been affected to the same degree as the absolute CD rate in this group at a particular year.
It is worth noting that although our study focuses on the changes of CS rates in subgroups over the past decade, we found that the overall CD rate increased slightly duringthe period of 2000to 2010 with the primary and repeat CD rates slowly but steadily increasing. Fetal, early and late neonatal mortality rates decreased by 40–50% from 0.53%, 0.21%, 0.04% in 2000–2001 to 0.29%, 0.12%, 0.02% in 2010, respectively. These mortality rates rank in the middle of the European countries[9], suggesting that the Dutch mothers and babies are doing well.
In summary, our analysis of CD rates in the Netherlands suggests that to keep a low, stable CD rate, a very critical attitude towards the CD in nulliparous women is the key not only for the current overall CD rate but also for the future rate[32]. The doctor deciding to perform the first CD should feel responsible for/take into account potential long term complications of that decision in future pregnancies. At the same time, encouraging a trial of labor in women with a previous uterine scar and improving the success rate of VBAC are important factors in keeping the CD rate low, as well as performing external cephalic versions to prevent breech presentation in term births.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JZh AdJ CH CG. Analyzed the data: YJZ CG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YJZ JZh CH PO JZw AdJ CG. Wrote the paper: YJZ.
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