Figure 1.
Geographical location of the samples analyzed.
Table 1.
PCR-RFLP protocols developed for P15, v13, U8 and M423 markers.
Table 2.
Sample size (N), haplogroup counts and diversity in the population groups studied.
Figure 2.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot of Y chromosome haplogroup profiles showing genetic affinities among 28 populations from eastern, central and southern Europe.
Original references, number of samples and name codes for all populations included in the analysis and their haplogroup frequencies are listed in Table S1. Moldavian populations are indicated by stars; north Mediterranian groups by diamonds; eastern and central European populations including Ukrainians from Moldova by circles, and north Balkan groups including Romanians by squares.
Figure 3.
Multidimentional Scaling Analysis (MDS) plot of RST values from Y chromosome STR haplotype frequencies showing genetic affinities among 29 populations from eastern, central and southern Europe.
The stress value for the MDS plot is 0.056. Original references, number of samples and haplotypes and name codes for all populations included in the analysis are listed in Table S3. Symbol designations are as in Figure 2. The ellipses are drawn around the clusters of east/central European (eastern and western Slavic) (I), southeast European (Balkan-Carpathian) (II) and Italian (III) populations. While the Cheg Albanian population is a genetic “outlier” among southeast European populations, geographically it belongs in the Balkan-Carpathian cluster (indicated by an arrow).
Table 3.
AMOVA calculation results for 10 Y-STRs.
Figure 4.
Median-joining networks showing phylogenetic relationships of the Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian Y-haplotypes within haplogroups I-M423 (A) and R-M17* (B).
Networks were constructed from 17 STRs for haplogroup R-M17* and 15 STRs for haplogroup I-M423 as described in Materials and Methods. For each network, the smallest circles represent a count of one individual. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of mutational steps separating two haplotypes.