About the Authors

Barry L. Rosenberg

Contributed equally to this work with: Barry L. Rosenberg, Joshua A. Kellar, Anna Labno

rosenberg.barry@bcg.com

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joshua A. Kellar

Contributed equally to this work with: Barry L. Rosenberg, Joshua A. Kellar, Anna Labno

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anna Labno

Contributed equally to this work with: Barry L. Rosenberg, Joshua A. Kellar, Anna Labno

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David H. M. Matheson

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael Ringel

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Paige VonAchen

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Richard I. Lesser

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yue Li

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York City, New York, United States of America

Justin B. Dimick

Affiliations Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Atul A. Gawande

Affiliation Ariadne Labs At Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stefan H. Larsson

Affiliation The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hamilton Moses III

Affiliations The Alerion Institute and Alerion Advisors, LLC, North Garden, Virginia, United States of America, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have the following interests: BLR, JAK, AL, DHMM, MR, PV, RL and SHL are employees of The Boston Consulting Group, a global management consulting firm serving healthcare companies including hospitals, payers, medtech and pharma. HM is principal of Alerion Institute and Alerion Advisors that advises corporations and non-profit entities. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: BR JK AL DM MR RL AG SL HM. Data curation: AL. Formal analysis: AL YL. Investigation: BR JK AL SL. Methodology: BR JK AL PV YL JD. Project administration: BR JK AL. Software: AL PV. Supervision: BR DM MR RL AG SL YL JD. Validation: AL YL. Visualization: BR JK AL. Writing – original draft: BR JK AL DM MR RL AG SL HM. Writing – review & editing: BR JK AL SL HM.