Honey Bee Apis mellifera Parasites in the Absence of Nosema ceranae Fungi and Varroa destructor Mites

• Dave Shutler,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada

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• Krista Head,

  Affiliation Agri-Foods Branch, Forestry and Agri-Foods Agency, Department of Natural Resources, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

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• Karen L. Burgher-MacLellan,

  Affiliation Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada

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• Megan J. Colwell,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada

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• Abby L. Levitt,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Nancy Ostiguy,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Geoffrey R. Williams

  * E-mail: geoffrey.r.williams@gmail.com

  Affiliations Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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