About the Authors
- Fiona Maisels
-
Contributed equally to this work with: Fiona Maisels, Samantha Strindberg
* E-mail: fmaisels@wcs.org
Affiliations Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Samantha Strindberg
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Contributed equally to this work with: Fiona Maisels, Samantha Strindberg
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Stephen Blake
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Current address: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- George Wittemyer
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Affiliations Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America, Save The Elephants, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
- John Hart
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Current address: Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Elizabeth A. Williamson
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Affiliation School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Rostand Aba’a
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Current address: Agence Nationale des parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Gaspard Abitsi
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Ruffin D. Ambahe
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Fidèl Amsini
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Current address: Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Germany
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Parfait C. Bakabana
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Current address: International Union for Conservation of Nature, Kabo, Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Thurston Cleveland Hicks
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Current address: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Affiliation The Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rosine E. Bayogo
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Affiliation Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Martha Bechem
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Current address: MIKE Subregional Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Rene L. Beyers
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Affiliation Beatty Biodiversity Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Anicet N. Bezangoye
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Affiliation Direction de la Gestion de la Faune et de la Chasse, Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, Libreville, Gabon
- Patrick Boundja
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Nicolas Bout
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Current address: The Aspinall Foundation, Franceville, Gabon
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Marc Ella Akou
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Current address: Central Africa Regional Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Affiliation Direction de la Gestion de la Faune et de la Chasse, Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, Libreville, Gabon
- Lambert Bene Bene
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¶Deceased.
Affiliation Central Africa Regional Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Bernard Fosso
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Elizabeth Greengrass
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Current address: Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Falk Grossmann
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Clement Ikamba-Nkulu
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Omari Ilambu
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Current address: Central Africa Regional Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Bila-Isia Inogwabini
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Current address: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Fortune Iyenguet
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Franck Kiminou
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Max Kokangoye
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¶Deceased.
Affiliations Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America, Direction de la Gestion de la Faune et de la Chasse, Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, Libreville, Gabon
- Deo Kujirakwinja
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Stephanie Latour
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Current address: Vaucresson, France
Affiliations Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America, The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Innocent Liengola
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Quevain Mackaya
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Jacob Madidi
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Current address: Societé Générale de Surveillance, Bunia, Oriental Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Bola Madzoke
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Calixte Makoumbou
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Current address: Mokabi Société anonyme (Rougier Group), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Guy-Aimé Malanda
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Current address: Odzala-Kokoua National Park, African Parks, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Richard Malonga
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Olivier Mbani
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Current address: Environment Department, Association Sylvatrop, Conakry, Guinea
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Valentin A. Mbendzo
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Current address: Programme d’Appui à la Conservation des Ecosystèmes du Bassin du Congo, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Affiliations Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America, Central Africa Regional Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Edgar Ambassa
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Current address: Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Albert Ekinde
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Yves Mihindou
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Bethan J. Morgan
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Affiliations School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Central Africa Program, Zoological Society of San Diego, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Prosper Motsaba
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Gabin Moukala
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Current address: Environment Department, Association Sylvatrop, Conakry, Guinea
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Anselme Mounguengui
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Affiliation Central Africa Regional Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brice S. Mowawa
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Current address: Ministère de l’Economie Forestière, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Christian Ndzai
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Stuart Nixon
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Current address: Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Affiliation Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
- Pele Nkumu
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Fabian Nzolani
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Lilian Pintea
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Affiliation The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Andrew Plumptre
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Hugo Rainey
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Current address: The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Bruno Bokoto de Semboli
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Affiliation Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Adeline Serckx
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Affiliation Behavioral Biology Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Emma Stokes
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Andrea Turkalo
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Hilde Vanleeuwe
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Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Ashley Vosper
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Current address: Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
Affiliations Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, African Wildlife Foundation, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Ymke Warren
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¶Deceased.
Affiliation Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have the following interest: This study was in part supported by the following: Busch Gardens and TOTAL Gabon. CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) provided some logistical help for the 2006 and 2010–11 surveys in the following northern Congo sites (Pokola, Kabo, Loundougou. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Author Contributions
Commented on the MS and organised fieldwork: AB AE AP AS AT AV BBds BF B-II BJM BM BSM TCH CI-N CM CN DK EA EAW EG ES FA FG FI FK FM FN GA G-AM GM GW HR HV IL JH JM LP MA MB MK NB OI OM PB PCB PM PN QM RA RLB REB RDA RM SB SL SN SS VAM YM. Conceived and designed the experiments: AP AS AV BJM TCH DK ES FA FG FI FM G-AM HR HV JH RA SB SL SN SS YW. Performed the experiments: AB AE AM AP AS AV BBds B-II BJM BM BSM TCH CI-N CM CN DK EA EAW EG FA FG FI FK FM FN GA G-AM GM HV JH JM LB MA MB MK NB OI OM PB PCB PM PN QM RA REB RDA SB SL SN VAM YM YW. Analyzed the data: SS FM GW. Wrote the paper: AP AT AV B-II BJM TCH EAW EG ES FI FM GW HR HV JH NB PB RLB RM SB SL SN SS.