About the Authors

Keith M. Godfrey

Affiliations Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom, Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Guttorm Haugen

guttorm.haugen@ous-hf.no

Affiliations Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom, Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Torvid Kiserud

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Hazel M. Inskip

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Cyrus Cooper

Affiliations Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom, Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Nicholas C. W. Harvey

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Sarah R. Crozier

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Sian M. Robinson

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Lucy Davies

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

the Southampton Women's Survey Study Group

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Mark A. Hanson

Affiliations Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom, Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KMG TK MAH. Performed the experiments: GH KMG HMI SMR CC NCWH. Analyzed the data: SRC LD KMG. Wrote the paper: KMG MAH TK GH.