About the Authors

Jairam R. Lingappa

lingappa@u.washington.edu

Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Erin Kahle

Affiliation Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Nelly Mugo

Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya

Andrew Mujugira

Affiliation Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Amalia Magaret

Affiliations Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Jared Baeten

Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Elizabeth A. Bukusi

Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Craig R. Cohen

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Elly Katabira

Affiliation Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Allan Ronald

Affiliation University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

James Kiarie

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya

Carey Farquhar

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Grace John Stewart

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Joseph Makhema

Affiliation Botswana-Harvard Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

M. Essex

Affiliation Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edwin Were

Affiliation Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya

Kenneth Fife

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America

Guy deBruyn

Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Glenda Gray

Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

James McIntyre

Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Rachel Manongi

Affiliation Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania

Saidi Kapiga

Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England

David Coetzee

Affiliation Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa

Susan Allen

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) and Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Mubiana Inambao

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Ndola, Zambia

Kayitesi Kayitenkore

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kigali, Rwanda

Etienne Karita

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kigali, Rwanda

William Kanweka

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kitwe, Zambia

Sinead Delany

Affiliation Reproductive Health & HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Helen Rees

Affiliation Reproductive Health & HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Bellington Vwalika

Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Lusaka, Zambia

Robert W. Coombs

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Rhoda Morrow

Affiliation Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

William Whittington

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Lawrence Corey

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Anna Wald

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Connie Celum

Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

for the Partners HSV-2/HIV-1 Transmission Study Team

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JRL LC AW CC. Performed the experiments: JRL NM AM EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC. Analyzed the data: JRL EK ASM JB WW AW CC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JRL NM AM ASM JB EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC. Wrote the paper: JRL NM AM ASM JB EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC.