About the Authors
- Jairam R. Lingappa
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* E-mail: lingappa@u.washington.edu
Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Erin Kahle
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Affiliation Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Nelly Mugo
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Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
- Andrew Mujugira
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Affiliation Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Amalia Magaret
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Affiliations Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Jared Baeten
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Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Elizabeth A. Bukusi
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Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Craig R. Cohen
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Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Elly Katabira
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Affiliation Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Allan Ronald
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Affiliation University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- James Kiarie
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Affiliation Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nairobi & Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
- Carey Farquhar
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Grace John Stewart
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Joseph Makhema
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Affiliation Botswana-Harvard Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- M. Essex
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Affiliation Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Edwin Were
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Affiliation Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- Kenneth Fife
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Guy deBruyn
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Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- Glenda Gray
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Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- James McIntyre
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Affiliation Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- Rachel Manongi
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Affiliation Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Saidi Kapiga
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Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
- David Coetzee
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Affiliation Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Susan Allen
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) and Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Mubiana Inambao
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Ndola, Zambia
- Kayitesi Kayitenkore
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kigali, Rwanda
- Etienne Karita
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kigali, Rwanda
- William Kanweka
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Kitwe, Zambia
- Sinead Delany
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Affiliation Reproductive Health & HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- Helen Rees
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Affiliation Reproductive Health & HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- Bellington Vwalika
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Affiliation Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG), Lusaka, Zambia
- Robert W. Coombs
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Rhoda Morrow
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Affiliation Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- William Whittington
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Lawrence Corey
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Anna Wald
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Connie Celum
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Affiliations Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- for the Partners HSV-2/HIV-1 Transmission Study Team
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JRL LC AW CC. Performed the experiments: JRL NM AM EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC. Analyzed the data: JRL EK ASM JB WW AW CC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JRL NM AM ASM JB EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC. Wrote the paper: JRL NM AM ASM JB EB CRC EK AR JNK CF GJS JM ME EW KHF GdB GG JM RM SK DC SA MI KK EK WK SDM HR BV RWC RM WW LC AW CC.