About the Authors

Zhihui Qian

Affiliation Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China

Lei Ren

Affiliations Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Yun Ding

Affiliation Editorial Department of Journal of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China

John R. Hutchinson

Affiliation Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom

Luquan Ren

lei.ren@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliation Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LR. Performed the experiments: ZHQ LR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YD JRH LQR. Wrote the paper: ZHQ LR. Finite Element Modelling: ZHQ LR.