About the Authors

Nigel J. McLeish

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Peter Simmonds

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Chris Robertson

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Ian Handel

Affiliation Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Mark McGilchrist

Affiliation Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

Brajendra K. Singh

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Shona Kerr

Affiliation Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Margo E. Chase-Topping

Affiliation Centres for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Katy Sinka

Affiliation Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Mark Bronsvoort

Affiliation Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

David J. Porteous

Affiliation Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

William Carman

Affiliation West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom

James McMenamin

Affiliation Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Andrew Leigh-Brown

Affiliation Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Mark E. J. Woolhouse

mark.woolhouse@ed.ac.uk

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PS JM AL-B MEJW. Performed the experiments: NJM. Analyzed the data: CR IH BKS MEC-T MB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PS WC. Wrote the paper: NJM MEJW. Arranged access to samples: MM SK DJP. Compiled vaccination data: KS.