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April 2025

This pathogen has become the most common cause of bacterial spot disease of tomato in hot and humid environments worldwide. Fruit symptoms consist of upraised, scabby lesions that become sunken as the fruit matures, while foliar symptoms consist of small necrotic lesions on leaves, stems, and petioles. When weather conditions favor rapid disease development, the necrotic tissues within the center of leaf lesions will often collapse, producing a distinct shot hole pattern. Timilsina et al. 2025

Image Credit: Gary E. Vallad

Pearls

Achromobacter spp.: Emerging pathogens in the cystic fibrosis lung

Niladri Bhowmik, Reed M. Stubbendieck

Tailoring mRNA lipid nanoparticles for antifungal vaccines

Yeqi Li, Richard B. Meagher, Xiaorong Lin

Pathogenic potential of polyextremotolerant fungi in a warming world

Erin C. Carr, Erin L. Bredeweg, Grace E. Hamilton, Tania Kurbessoian, Audrey M. Williams

Reviews

Phage therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae: Understanding bacteria–phage interactions for therapeutic innovations

Julie Le Bris, Nathalie Chen, Adeline Supandy, Olaya Rendueles, Daria Van Tyne

Leveraging microphysiological systems to expedite understanding of host–parasite interactions

Maria Zorrinho-Almeida, Jorge de-Carvalho, Maria Bernabeu, Sara Silva Pereira

Research Articles

GS143, an inhibitor of E3 ligase β-TrCP, reverses HIV-1 latency without activating T cells via unconventional activation of NFκB

Srijata Sarkar, Yoshifumi Kobayashi, Timothy Russnak, Jing Shen, Ronald G. Nahass, Joseph P. Dougherty, Céline Gélinas

DHX15 inhibits mouse APOBEC3 deamination

Wenming Zhao, Ayan Modak, Susan R. Ross

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Kaposi Sarcoma

Daniel A. Rauch, Paula Valiño Ramos, Mariam Khanfar, John Harding, Ancy Joseph, Anam Fahad, Paul Simonson, Isabel Risch, Obi Griffith, Malachi Griffith, Lee Ratner

Heat shock protein 90 is a chaperone regulator of HIV-1 latency

Somaya Noorsaeed, Nawal AlBurtamani, Ahmed Rokan, Ariberto Fassati

Salmonella Typhi serine threonine kinase T4519 induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization by manipulating Toll-like receptor 2-Cystatin B-Cathepsin B-NF-κB-reactive oxygen species pathway and promotes survival within human macrophages

Swarnali Chakraborty, Debayan Ganguli, Theeya Nagaraja, Animesh Gope, Sudip Dey, Ananda Pal, Rahul Shubhra Mandal, Sudipta Sekhar Das, Santasabuj Das

ATP depletion in anthrax edema toxin pathogenesis

Jie Liu, Qing Cao, Michael Ewing, Zehua Zuo, Jason R. Kennerdell, Toren Finkel, Stephen H. Leppla, Shihui Liu

Genetically distinct within-host subpopulations of hepatitis C virus persist after Direct-Acting Antiviral treatment failure

Lele Zhao, Matthew Hall, Prahalad Giridhar, Mahan Ghafari, Steven Kemp, Haiting Chai, Paul Klenerman, Eleanor Barnes, M. Azim Ansari, Katrina Lythgoe

NbPIRIN promotes the protease activity of papain-like cysteine protease NbRD21 to inhibit Chinese wheat mosaic virus infection

Kaili Zhong, Gecheng Xu, Jingjing Shi, Peng Liu, Aizhu Tu, Mila Wu, Jiaqian Liu, Jianping Chen, Jian Yang

The evolution of antibiotic resistance in Europe, 1998–2019

Martin Emons, François Blanquart, Sonja Lehtinen

Vibrio cholerae cytolysin induces pro-inflammatory and death signals through novel TLR assembly

Shraddha Gandhi, Sindhoora Puravankara, Anish Kumar Mondal, Aakanksha Chauhan, Shashi Prakash Yadav, Kausik Chattopadhyay, Arunika Mukhopadhaya

Intact HIV DNA decays in children with and without complete viral load suppression

Daniel B Reeves, Morgan Litchford, Carolyn S Fish, Anna Farrell-Sherman, Makayla Poindexter, Nashwa Ahmed, Noah A J Cassidy, Jillian Neary, Dalton Wamalwa, Agnes Langat, Daisy Chebet, Hellen Moraa, Annukka A R Antar, Jennifer Slyker, Sarah Benki-Nugent, Lillian B Cohn, Joshua T Schiffer, Julie Overbaugh, Grace John-Stewart, Dara A Lehman

Proximity interactome of alphavirus replicase component nsP3 includes proviral host factors eIF4G and AHNAK

Aditya Thiruvaiyaru, Sari Mattila, Mohammadreza Sadeghi, Krystyna Naumenko, Andres Merits, Markku Varjosalo, Tero Ahola

ADAR1 p150 prevents HSV-1 from triggering PKR/eIF2α-mediated translational arrest and is required for efficient viral replication

Adwait Parchure, Mia Cesarec, Antonija Braut, Robert Kolman, Vlatka Ivanišević, Marina Čunko, Slađana Bursać, Richard de Reuver, Antonija J. Begonja, Umberto Rosani, Siniša Volarević, Jonathan Maelfait, Igor Jurak

Chlamydial protease-like activity factor targets SLC7A11 for degradation to induce ferroptosis and facilitate progeny releases

Wentao Chen, Xin Su, Yuying Pan, Han Zhou, Yidan Gao, Xuemei Wang, Lijuan Jiang, Lihong Zeng, Qingqing Xu, Xueying Yu, Xiaona Yin, Zhanqin Feng, Bao Zhang, Wei Zhao, Yaohua Xue, Lingli Tang, Heping Zheng

Capture of fusion-intermediate conformations of SARS-CoV-2 spike requires receptor binding and cleavage at either the S1/S2 or S2’ site

Sabrina Lusvarghi, Russell Vassell, Brittany Williams, Haseebullah Baha, Sabari Nath Neerukonda, Carol D. Weiss

N6-methyladenosine modification of the subgroup J avian leukosis viral RNAs attenuates host innate immunity via MDA5 signaling

Mengmeng Yu, Li Zhang, Ying Wang, Suyan Wang, Yongzhen Liu, Peng Liu, Yuntong Chen, Ru Guo, Lingzhai Meng, Tao Zhang, Wenrui Fan, Xiaole Qi, Yulu Duan, Yanping Zhang, Hongyu Cui, Yulong Gao

HOPS/CORVET tethering complexes are critical for endocytosis and protein trafficking to invasion related organelles in malaria parasites

Joëlle Paolo Mesén-Ramírez, Gwendolin Fuchs, Jonas Burmester, Guilherme B. Farias, Ana María Alape-Flores, Shamit Singla, Arne Alder, José Cubillán-Marín, Carolina Castro-Peña, Sarah Lemcke, Holger Sondermann, Mónica Prado, Tobias Spielmann, Danny Wilson, Tim-Wolf Gilberger

A targeted CRISPR screen identifies ETS1 as a regulator of HIV-1 latency

Manickam Ashokkumar, Terry L. Hafer, Abby Felton, Nancie M. Archin, David M. Margolis, Michael Emerman, Edward P. Browne

A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus acquired a negative-sense open reading frame through recombination

Xuan Dong, Fan Zhang, Yiting Wang, Cixiu Li, Xuan Li, Chengyan Zhou, Guohao Wang, Zhongshuai Tian, Jing Gao, Hu Zhou, Liying Sui, Hans Nauwynck, Patrick Sorgeloos, Edward C. Holmes, Jie Huang, Weifeng Shi

Genome-wide analysis of fitness determinants of Staphylococcus aureus during growth in milk

Marita Torrissen Mårli, Anne Olsdatter Ohren Nordraak, Vincent de Bakker, Anja Ruud Winther, Xue Liu, Jan-Willem Veening, Davide Porcellato, Morten Kjos

Fusaric acid-mediated S-glutathionylation of MaAKT1 channel confers the virulence of Foc TR4 to banana

Jun Zhang, Siwen Liu, Wenlong Yang, Yanling Xie, Chuange Shao, Zhi-Ren Zhang, Chunyu Li, Xiaoqiang Yao

The splicing factor kinase, SR protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) is essential for late events in the human papillomavirus life cycle

Arwa A. A. Faizo, Clare Bellward, Hegel R. Hernandez-Lopez, Andrew Stevenson, Quan Gu, Sheila V. Graham

Live-cell RNA imaging with the inactivated endonuclease Csy4 enables new insights into plant virus transport through plasmodesmata

David Burnett, Mohamed Hussein, Zoe Kathleen Barr, Laura Newsha Näther, Kathryn M. Wright, Jens Tilsner

Diversification of an emerging bacterial plant pathogen; insights into the global spread of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans

Sujan Timilsina, Fernanda Iruegas-Bocardo, Mustafa O. Jibrin, Anuj Sharma, Aastha Subedi, Amandeep Kaur, Gerald V. Minsavage, Jose C. Huguet-Tapia, Jeannie Klein-Gordon, Pragya Adhikari, Tika B. Adhikari, Gabriella Cirvilleri, Laura Belen Tapia de la Barrera, Eduardo Bernal, Tom C. Creswell, Tien Thi Kieu Doan, Teresa A. Coutinho, Daniel S. Egel, Rubén Félix-Gastélum, David M. Francis, Misrak Kebede, Melanie Lewis Ivey, Frank J. Louws, Laixin Luo, Elizabeth T. Maynard, Sally A. Miller, Nga Thi Thu Nguyen, Ebrahim Osdaghi, Alice M. Quezado-Duval, Rebecca Roach, Francesca Rotondo, Gail E. Ruhl, Vou M. Shutt, Petcharat Thummabenjapone, Cheryl Trueman, Pamela D. Roberts, Jeffrey B. Jones, Gary E. Vallad, Erica M. Goss

IL-6 trans-signaling mediates cytokine secretion and barrier dysfunction in hantavirus-infected cells and correlates to severity in HFRS

Kimia T. Maleki, Linda Niemetz, Wanda Christ, Julia Wigren Byström, Therese Thunberg, Clas Ahlm, Jonas Klingström

The dual functions of the GTPase BipA in ribosome assembly and surface structure biogenesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Eunsil Choi, Eunwoo Ryu, Donghwee Kim, Ji-Won Byun, Kahyun Kim, Minho Lee, Jihwan Hwang

Disrupting the OTUD4-USP7 deubiquitinase complex to suppress herpesvirus replication: a novel antiviral strategy

Shaowei Wang, Xuezhang Tian, Yunhong Zhong, Xiaoyu Xie, Ming Gao, Chuchu Zhang, Xi Cheng, Yining Qi, Bo Zhong, Pinghui Feng, Ke Lan, Junjie Zhang

Efflux pumps and membrane permeability contribute to intrinsic antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus

Kerry McGowen, Tobias Funck, Xin Wang, Samuel Zinga, Ian D. Wolf, Chidiebere Akusobi, Claudia M. Denkinger, Eric J. Rubin, Mark R. Sullivan

Mystique, a broad host range Acinetobacter phage, reveals the impact of culturing conditions on phage isolation and infectivity

Ellinor O Alseth, Carli Roush, Iris Irby, Mykhailo Kopylov, Daija Bobe, Monneh W Diggs, Kristy Nguyen, Huaijin Xu, Ingeborg Schmidt-Krey, Anton V Bryksin, Philip N Rather

Structural basis and mode of action for two broadly neutralizing nanobodies targeting the highly conserved spike stem-helix of sarbecoviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

Liyan Guo, Zimin Chen, Sheng Lin, Fanli Yang, Jing Yang, Lingling Wang, Xindan Zhang, Xin Yuan, Bin He, Yu Cao, Jian Li, Qi Zhao, Guangwen Lu

Expansion of myeloid suppressor cells and suppression of Lassa virus-specific T cells during fatal Lassa fever

Blaise Lafoux, Gustave Fourcaud, Jimmy Hortion, Laura Soyer, Alexandra Journeaux, Clara Germain, Stéphanie Reynard, Hadrien Cousseau, Clémentine Larignon, Natalia Pietrosemoli, Séverine Croze, Joël Lachuer, Emeline Perthame, Sylvain Baize

HIV-associated penile anaerobes disrupt epithelial barrier integrity

Lane B. Buchanan, Zhongtian Shao, Ronald M. Galiwango, Shirley Constable, David Zuanazzi, Victoria Menya Biribawa, Henry Rogers Ssemunywa, Annemarie Namuniina, Brenda Okech, Gabriella Edfeldt, Annelie Tjernlund, Aaron A. R. Tobian, Daniel E. Park, Tony Pham, Maliha Aziz, Juan E. Salazar, Sydney Nelson, Cindy M. Liu, Rupert Kaul, Jessica L. Prodger

Heat shock factor 2 regulates oncogenic gamma-herpesvirus gene expression by remodeling the chromatin at the ORF50 and BZLF1 promoter

Lorenza Cutrone, Hedvig Djupenström, Jasmin Peltonen, Elena Martinez Klimova, Simona Corso, Silvia Giordano, Lea Sistonen, Silvia Gramolelli

RNF149 modulates the type I IFN innate antiviral immune responses through degrading IRF3

Mengyun Wu, Jiamin Cai, Guodong Qiao, Xiaoping Li, Ji Zhou, Fei Xu, Yunfei Ye, Yufeng Wang, Xuena Xu, Jiaoyang Li, Xiaoyu Tian, Yu Shao, Chunsheng Dong, Zhengrong Chen, Chuangli Hao, Yi Yang, Jinping Zhang

Activity-based protein profiling reveals both canonical and novel ubiquitin pathway enzymes in Plasmodium

Cameron Smith, Mohsen Hajisadeghian, Gerbrand J. van der Heden van Noort, Michael J. Deery, Adán Pinto-Fernández, Benedikt M. Kessler, Katerina Artavanis-Tsakonas

Expanding kinetoplastid genome annotation through protein structure comparison

Juan Manuel Trinidad-Barnech, José Sotelo-Silveira, Darío Fernández Do Porto, Pablo Smircich

Viral piracy of host RNA phosphatase DUSP11 by avipoxviruses

Kayla H. Szymanik, Emily A. Rex, Vamshikrishna R. Pothireddy, Don B. Gammon, Dustin C. Hancks, Christopher S. Sullivan

Intranasal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of Delta or Omicron B.1.1.529 induces mucosal and systemic immunity and protects hamsters against homologous and heterologous challenge

Hong-Su Park, Yumiko Matsuoka, Celia Santos, Cindy Luongo, Xueqiao Liu, Lijuan Yang, Jaclyn A. Kaiser, Eleanor F. Duncan, Reed F. Johnson, I-Ting Teng, Peter D. Kwong, Ursula J. Buchholz, Cyril Le Nouën

Mitochondrial hyperactivity and reactive oxygen species drive innate immunity to the yellow fever virus-17D live-attenuated vaccine

Samantha G. Muccilli, Benjamin Schwarz, Byron Shue, Forrest Jessop, Jeffrey G. Shannon, Charles L. Larson, Adam Hage, Seon-Hui Hong, Eric Bohrnsen, Thomas Hsu, Alison W. Ashbrook, Gail L. Sturdevant, Shelly J. Robertson, Joseph W. Guarnieri, Justin Lack, Douglas C. Wallace, Catharine M. Bosio, Margaret R. MacDonald, Charles M. Rice, Jonathan W. Yewdell, Sonja M. Best

Quantifying prevalence and risk factors of HIV multiple infection in Uganda from population-based deep-sequence data

Michael A. Martin, Andrea Brizzi, Xiaoyue Xi, Ronald Moses Galiwango, Sikhulile Moyo, Deogratius Ssemwanga, Alexandra Blenkinsop, Andrew D. Redd, Lucie Abeler-Dörner, Christophe Fraser, Steven J. Reynolds, Thomas C. Quinn, Joseph Kagaayi, David Bonsall, David Serwadda, Gertrude Nakigozi, Godfrey Kigozi, M. Kate Grabowski, Oliver Ratmann, with the PANGEA-HIV Consortium and the Rakai Health Sciences Program

Neuregulin-1 prevents death from a normally lethal respiratory viral infection

Syed-Rehan A. Hussain, Michelle Rohlfing, Jennifer Santoro, Phylip Chen, Kaushik Muralidharan, Matthew S. Bochter, Mark E. Peeples, Mitchell H. Grayson

Lysosome and plasma membrane Piezo channels of Trypanosoma cruzi are essential for proliferation, differentiation and infectivity

Guozhong Huang, Mayara S. Bertolini, Justin Wiedeman, Ronald D. Etheridge, Teresa Cruz-Bustos, Roberto Docampo

Vacuolar sterol β-glucosidase EGCrP2/Sgl1 deficiency in Cryptococcus neoformans: Dysfunctional autophagy and Mincle-dependent immune activation as targets of novel antifungal strategies

Takashi Watanabe, Masayoshi Nagai, Yohei Ishibashi, Mio Iwasaki, Masaki Mizoguchi, Masahiro Nagata, Takashi Imai, Koichi Takato, Akihiro Imamura, Yoshimitsu Kakuta, Takamasa Teramoto, Motohiro Tani, Junko Matsuda, Hideharu Ishida, Sho Yamasaki, Nozomu Okino, Makoto Ito

Evolution of Escherichia coli strains under competent or compromised adaptive immunity

Camille Ameline, Elsa Seixas, Hugo C. Barreto, Nelson Frazão, Miguel V. Rodrigues, M. Rita Ventura, Marta Lourenço, Isabel Gordo

Astrocyte-derived complement C3 facilitated microglial phagocytosis of synapses in Staphylococcus aureus-associated neurocognitive deficits

Haifang Zhang, Qiyuan Jin, Jijie Li, Jiali Wang, Mengqi Li, Qiao Yin, Qi Li, Yuwan Qi, Lingling Feng, Liang Shen, Yuan Qin, Qifei Cong

The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin

Diprasom Das, Shrihari M. Ganesh, Abtar Mishra, Mihai G. Netea, Shankar Thangamani

In depth sequencing of a serially sampled household cohort reveals the within-host dynamics of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and rare selection of novel spike variants

Emily E. Bendall, Derek Dimcheff, Leigh Papalambros, William J. Fitzsimmons, Yuwei Zhu, Jonathan Schmitz, Natasha Halasa, James Chappell, Emily T. Martin, Jessica E. Biddle, Sarah E. Smith-Jeffcoat, Melissa A. Rolfes, Alexandra Mellis, H. Keipp Talbot, Carlos Grijalva, Adam S. Lauring

Variable rates of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in chronic infections

Ewan W. Smith, William L. Hamilton, Ben Warne, Elena R. Walker, Aminu S. Jahun, Myra Hosmillo, ISARIC Consortium, Ravindra K. Gupta, Ian Goodfellow, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, M. Estée Török, Christopher J. R. Illingworth

EV-D68 cleaves LARP1 and PABPC1 by 3Cpro to redirect host mRNA translation machinery toward its genomic RNA

Ruyang Tan, Yuling Zhang, Mengqian Huang, Honghua Chen, Zixiang Liu, Zining Wang, Xiaoyan Li, Tao Wang, Zhiyun Wang

HIV-1 cell-to-cell infection of macrophages escapes type I interferon and host restriction factors, and is resistant to antiretroviral drugs

Marie Woottum, Sen Yan, Agathe Durringer, Léa Mézière, Lucie Bracq, Mingyu Han, Delphine Ndiaye-Lobry, Julie Chaumeil, Jean-Christophe Pagès, Serge Benichou

Regulation of diel locomotor activity and retinal responses of Anopheles stephensi by ingested histamine and serotonin is temperature- and infection-dependent

Kevin O. Ochwedo, Xiaodi Wang, Nora Céspedes, Ronald E. Bentil, Ryan Wild, Emily Hernandez, Amy Hernandez, Hannah L. Kaylor, Yared Debebe, Jyotishka Datta, Michael A. Robert, Jeffrey A. Riffell, Edwin E. Lewis, Shirley Luckhart

Deposition of complement regulators on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites depends on the immune status of the host

Maria Rosaria Bassi, Bogdan Cristinoi, Frank Buitenwerf, Mark Bergholt Cuadrado, Kasper Haldrup Björnsson, Melanie Rose Walker, Frederica Dedo Partey, Andrew B. Ward, Michael Fokuo Ofori, Lea Barfod

ves1α genes expression is the major determinant of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes cytoadhesion to endothelial cells

Hassan Hakimi, Junya Yamagishi, Miako Sakaguchi, Atefeh Fathi, Jae Seung Lee, Guilherme G. Verocai, Shin-ichiro Kawazu, Masahito Asada

Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection decreases visceral nociception through peripheral opioid receptor signaling

Alexis Audibert, Xavier Mas-Orea, Léa Rey, Marcy Belloy, Emilie Bassot, Louise Battut, Gilles Marodon, Frederick Masson, Matteo Serino, Nicolas Cenac, Gilles Dietrich, Chrystelle Bonnart, Nicolas Blanchard

Inter-kingdom signaling by the Legionella autoinducer LAI-1 involves the antimicrobial guanylate binding protein GBP

Franziska Solger, Jonas Rauch, Simone Vormittag, Mingzhen Fan, Lyudmil Raykov, Paul Charki, Ana Katic, François Letourneur, Thierry Soldati, Jürgen Seibel, Hubert Hilbi

Rice stripe mosaic virus M protein antagonizes G-protein-induced antiviral autophagy in insect vectors

Ruonan Zhang, Tengfei Wang, Yu Cheng, Jiaxin Qiu, Dongsheng Jia, Hongyan Chen, Taiyun Wei, Xiao-Feng Zhang

Short Reports

Bacterial effector screening reveals RNF214 as a virus restriction factor in mammals

Aaron Embry, David F. Schad, Emily A. Rex, Neal M. Alto, Don B. Gammon