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Table of Contents

December 2014

Cover

NOX2 staining around the rim of a spongiform vacuole in prion disease.

Issue Image

NOX2 staining in brown, nuclei staining in blue. Spongiform vacuolation is a highly characteristic sign of prion disease pathology, and vacuoles represent distended intracellular compartments mostly located within neuronal processes. A very striking pattern of NOX2 expression around neuronal vacuoles can be detected in brains of patients affected by Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Data from Adriano Aguzzi and colleagues suggest that NOX2 is a major source of reactive oxygen species in prion diseases, and can affect prion pathogenesis.

Image Credit: Silvia Sorce et al

Opinion

Measles Immune Suppression: Functional Impairment or Numbers Game?

Rory D. de Vries, Rik L. de Swart

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004482

Pearls

Unique Features of HIV-1 Spread through T Cell Virological Synapses

Raymond A. Alvarez, Maria Ines Barría, Benjamin K. Chen

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004513

Microbial Urease in Health and Disease

Diego Mora, Stefania Arioli

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004472

Brothers in Arms: Th17 and Treg Responses in Candida albicans Immunity

Natasha Whibley, Sarah L. Gaffen

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004456

Emergence of MERS-CoV in the Middle East: Origins, Transmission, Treatment, and Perspectives

Ahmad Sharif-Yakan, Souha S. Kanj

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004457

Microbial Programming of Systemic Innate Immunity and Resistance to Infection

Thomas B. Clarke

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004506

Review

Unveiling the Intracellular Survival Gene Kit of Trypanosomatid Parasites

Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu, Rita Marcia Cardoso de Paiva, Tiago A. O. Mendes, Wanderson D. DaRocha, Santuza M. R. Teixeira

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004399

Research Articles

The Central Role of cAMP in Regulating Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Invasion of Human Erythrocytes

Amrita Dawn, Shailja Singh, Kunal R. More, Faiza Amber Siddiqui, Niseema Pachikara, Ghania Ramdani, Gordon Langsley, Chetan E. Chitnis

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004520

Molecular Evolution of Broadly Neutralizing Llama Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1

Laura E. McCoy, Lucy Rutten, Dan Frampton, Ian Anderson, Luke Granger, Rachael Bashford-Rogers, Gillian Dekkers, Nika M. Strokappe, Michael S. Seaman, Willie Koh, Vanina Grippo, Alexander Kliche, Theo Verrips, Paul Kellam, Ariberto Fassati, Robin A. Weiss

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004552

Granulocytes Impose a Tight Bottleneck upon the Gut Luminal Pathogen Population during Salmonella Typhimurium Colitis

Lisa Maier, Médéric Diard, Mikael E. Sellin, Elsa-Sarah Chouffane, Kerstin Trautwein-Weidner, Balamurugan Periaswamy, Emma Slack, Tamas Dolowschiak, Bärbel Stecher, Claude Loverdo, Roland R. Regoes, Wolf-Dietrich Hardt

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004557

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Cellular Oxidative Stress Response Controls the Antiviral and Apoptotic Programs in Dengue Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells

David Olagnier, Suraj Peri, Courtney Steel, Nadine van Montfoort, Cindy Chiang, Vladimir Beljanski, Michael Slifker, Zhong He, Carmen N. Nichols, Rongtuan Lin, Siddharth Balachandran, John Hiscott

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004566

HSV-2-Driven Increase in the Expression of α4β7 Correlates with Increased Susceptibility to Vaginal SHIVSF162P3 Infection

Diana Goode, Rosaline Truong, Guillermo Villegas, Giulia Calenda, Natalia Guerra-Perez, Michael Piatak, Jeffrey D. Lifson, James Blanchard, Agegnehu Gettie, Melissa Robbiani, Elena Martinelli

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004567

Neutral Sphingomyelinase in Physiological and Measles Virus Induced T Cell Suppression

Nora Mueller, Elita Avota, Lena Collenburg, Heike Grassmé, Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004574

HTLV-1 Tax-Mediated Inhibition of FOXO3a Activity Is Critical for the Persistence of Terminally Differentiated CD4+ T Cells

David Olagnier, Alexandre Sze, Samar Bel Hadj, Cindy Chiang, Courtney Steel, Xiaoying Han, Jean-Pierre Routy, Rongtuan Lin, John Hiscott, Julien van Grevenynghe

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004575

Extreme Divergence of Wolbachia Tropism for the Stem-Cell-Niche in the Drosophila Testis

Michelle E. Toomey, Horacio M. Frydman

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004577

Loss of Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B Reveals Separation of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways

John M. Smith, Michelle E. Leslie, Samuel J. Robinson, David A. Korasick, Tong Zhang, Steven K. Backues, Peter V. Cornish, Abraham J. Koo, Sebastian Y. Bednarek, Antje Heese

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004578

A Natural Genetic Variant of Granzyme B Confers Lethality to a Common Viral Infection

Christopher E. Andoniou, Vivien R. Sutton, Matthew E. Wikstrom, Peter Fleming, Kevin Y. T. Thia, Antony Y. Matthews, Dion Kaiserman, Iona S. Schuster, Jerome D. Coudert, Preethi Eldi, Geeta Chaudhri, Gunasegaran Karupiah, Phillip I. Bird, Joseph A. Trapani, Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004526

Rapid Evolution of Virus Sequences in Intrinsically Disordered Protein Regions

Leonid Gitlin, Tzachi Hagai, Anthony LaBarbera, Mark Solovey, Raul Andino

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004529

The Role of the NADPH Oxidase NOX2 in Prion Pathogenesis

Silvia Sorce, Mario Nuvolone, Annika Keller, Jeppe Falsig, Ahmet Varol, Petra Schwarz, Monika Bieri, Herbert Budka, Adriano Aguzzi

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004531

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Crystal Structure of Calcium Binding Protein-5 from Entamoeba histolytica and Its Involvement in Initiation of Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes

Sanjeev Kumar, Saima Aslam, Mohit Mazumder, Pradeep Dahiya, Aruna Murmu, Babu A. Manjasetty, Rana Zaidi, Alok Bhattacharya, S. Gourinath

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004532

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Anti-α4 Antibody Treatment Blocks Virus Traffic to the Brain and Gut Early, and Stabilizes CNS Injury Late in Infection

Jennifer H. Campbell, Eva-Maria Ratai, Patrick Autissier, David J. Nolan, Samantha Tse, Andrew D. Miller, R. Gilberto González, Marco Salemi, Tricia H. Burdo, Kenneth C. Williams

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004533

Amphipathic α-Helices in Apolipoproteins Are Crucial to the Formation of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Particles

Takasuke Fukuhara, Masami Wada, Shota Nakamura, Chikako Ono, Mai Shiokawa, Satomi Yamamoto, Takashi Motomura, Toru Okamoto, Daisuke Okuzaki, Masahiro Yamamoto, Izumu Saito, Takaji Wakita, Kazuhiko Koike, Yoshiharu Matsuura

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004534

Targeted Changes of the Cell Wall Proteome Influence Candida albicans Ability to Form Single- and Multi-strain Biofilms

Vitor Cabral, Sadri Znaidi, Louise A. Walker, Hélène Martin-Yken, Etienne Dague, Mélanie Legrand, Keunsook Lee, Murielle Chauvel, Arnaud Firon, Tristan Rossignol, Mathias L. Richard, Carol A. Munro, Sophie Bachellier-Bassi, Christophe d'Enfert

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004542

Initiation of ART during Early Acute HIV Infection Preserves Mucosal Th17 Function and Reverses HIV-Related Immune Activation

Alexandra Schuetz, Claire Deleage, Irini Sereti, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Nittaya Phanuphak, Yuwadee Phuang-Ngern, Jacob D. Estes, Netanya G. Sandler, Suchada Sukhumvittaya, Mary Marovich, Surat Jongrakthaitae, Siriwat Akapirat, James L. K. Fletscher, Eugene Kroon, Robin Dewar, Rapee Trichavaroj, Nitiya Chomchey, Daniel C. Douek, Robert J. O′Connell, Viseth Ngauy, Merlin L. Robb, Praphan Phanuphak, Nelson L. Michael, Jean-Louis Excler, Jerome H. Kim, Mark S. de Souza, Jintanat Ananworanich, on behalf of the RV254/SEARCH 010 and RV304/SEARCH 013 Study Groups

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004543

Hypercytotoxicity and Rapid Loss of NKp44+ Innate Lymphoid Cells during Acute SIV Infection

Haiying Li, Laura E. Richert-Spuhler, Tristan I. Evans, Jacqueline Gillis, Michelle Connole, Jacob D. Estes, Brandon F. Keele, Nichole R. Klatt, R. Keith Reeves

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004551

Discovery of Replicating Circular RNAs by RNA-Seq and Computational Algorithms

Zhixiang Zhang, Shuishui Qi, Nan Tang, Xinxin Zhang, Shanshan Chen, Pengfei Zhu, Lin Ma, Jinping Cheng, Yun Xu, Meiguang Lu, Hongqing Wang, Shou-Wei Ding, Shifang Li, Qingfa Wu

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004553

A Negative Feedback Modulator of Antigen Processing Evolved from a Frameshift in the Cowpox Virus Genome

Jiacheng Lin, Sabine Eggensperger, Susanne Hank, Agnes I. Wycisk, Ralph Wieneke, Peter U. Mayerhofer, Robert Tampé

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004554

Proteomic Analysis of the Acidocalcisome, an Organelle Conserved from Bacteria to Human Cells

Guozhong Huang, Paul N. Ulrich, Melissa Storey, Darryl Johnson, Julie Tischer, Javier A. Tovar, Silvia N. J. Moreno, Ron Orlando, Roberto Docampo

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004555

IL-28B is a Key Regulator of B- and T-Cell Vaccine Responses against Influenza

Adrian Egli, Deanna M. Santer, Daire O'Shea, Khaled Barakat, Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha, Madeleine Vollmer, Aliyah Baluch, Rakesh Bhat, Jody Groenendyk, Michael A. Joyce, Luiz F. Lisboa, Brad S. Thomas, Manuel Battegay, Nina Khanna, Thomas Mueller, D. Lorne J. Tyrrell, Michael Houghton, Atul Humar, Deepali Kumar

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004556

Expression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1) Impairs Viral Clearance and Exacerbates Lung Injury during Influenza Infection

Keer Sun, Sharon Salmon, Vijaya Kumar Yajjala, Christopher Bauer, Dennis W. Metzger

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004560

Apoplastic Venom Allergen-like Proteins of Cyst Nematodes Modulate the Activation of Basal Plant Innate Immunity by Cell Surface Receptors

Jose L. Lozano-Torres, Ruud H. P. Wilbers, Sonja Warmerdam, Anna Finkers-Tomczak, Amalia Diaz-Granados, Casper C. van Schaik, Johannes Helder, Jaap Bakker, Aska Goverse, Arjen Schots, Geert Smant

PLOS Pathogens: published December 11, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004569

Murine Anti-vaccinia Virus D8 Antibodies Target Different Epitopes and Differ in Their Ability to Block D8 Binding to CS-E

Michael H. Matho, Natalia de Val, Gregory M. Miller, Joshua Brown, Andrew Schlossman, Xiangzhi Meng, Shane Crotty, Bjoern Peters, Yan Xiang, Linda C. Hsieh-Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, Dirk M. Zajonc

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004495

The Toll-Dorsal Pathway Is Required for Resistance to Viral Oral Infection in Drosophila

Álvaro Gil Ferreira, Huw Naylor, Sara Santana Esteves, Inês Silva Pais, Nelson Eduardo Martins, Luis Teixeira

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004507

Specific Dysregulation of IFNγ Production by Natural Killer Cells Confers Susceptibility to Viral Infection

Nassima Fodil, David Langlais, Peter Moussa, Gregory Allan Boivin, Tania Di Pietrantonio, Irena Radovanovic, Anne Dumaine, Mathieu Blanchette, Erwin Schurr, Philippe Gros, Silvia Marina Vidal

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004511

P47phox−/− Mice Are Compromised in Expansion and Activation of CD8+ T Cells and Susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Monisha Dhiman, Nisha Jain Garg

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004516

The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Tec Controls Assembly and Activity of the Noncanonical Caspase-8 Inflammasome

Florian Zwolanek, Michael Riedelberger, Valentina Stolz, Sabrina Jenull, Fabian Istel, Afitap Derya Köprülü, Wilfried Ellmeier, Karl Kuchler

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004525

Intraspecies Competition for Niches in the Distal Gut Dictate Transmission during Persistent Salmonella Infection

Lilian H. Lam, Denise M. Monack

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004527

Experimental Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis—Hemodynamics at the Blood Brain Barrier

Adéla Nacer, Alexandru Movila, Fabien Sohet, Natasha M. Girgis, Uma Mahesh Gundra, P'ng Loke, Richard Daneman, Ute Frevert

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004528

Rubella Virus: First Calcium-Requiring Viral Fusion Protein

Mathieu Dubé, Felix A. Rey, Margaret Kielian

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004530

Cellular Mechanisms of Alpha Herpesvirus Egress: Live Cell Fluorescence Microscopy of Pseudorabies Virus Exocytosis

Ian B. Hogue, Jens B. Bosse, Jiun-Ruey Hu, Stephan Y. Thiberge, Lynn W. Enquist

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004535

SV40 Utilizes ATM Kinase Activity to Prevent Non-homologous End Joining of Broken Viral DNA Replication Products

Gregory A. Sowd, Dviti Mody, Joshua Eggold, David Cortez, Katherine L. Friedman, Ellen Fanning

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004536

Differential PfEMP1 Expression Is Associated with Cerebral Malaria Pathology

Dumizulu L. Tembo, Benjamin Nyoni, Rekah V. Murikoli, Mavuto Mukaka, Danny A. Milner, Matthew Berriman, Stephen J. Rogerson, Terrie E. Taylor, Malcolm E. Molyneux, Wilson L. Mandala, Alister G. Craig, Jacqui Montgomery

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004537

Chronic Parasitic Infection Maintains High Frequencies of Short-Lived Ly6C+CD4+ Effector T Cells That Are Required for Protection against Re-infection

Nathan C. Peters, Antonio J. Pagán, Phillip G. Lawyer, Timothy W. Hand, Eric Henrique Roma, Lisa W. Stamper, Audrey Romano, David L. Sacks

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004538

Oral Streptococci Utilize a Siglec-Like Domain of Serine-Rich Repeat Adhesins to Preferentially Target Platelet Sialoglycans in Human Blood

Lingquan Deng, Barbara A. Bensing, Supaporn Thamadilok, Hai Yu, Kam Lau, Xi Chen, Stefan Ruhl, Paul M. Sullam, Ajit Varki

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004540

Monocyte Recruitment to the Dermis and Differentiation to Dendritic Cells Increases the Targets for Dengue Virus Replication

Michael A. Schmid, Eva Harris

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004541

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SUMOylation by the E3 Ligase TbSIZ1/PIAS1 Positively Regulates VSG Expression in Trypanosoma brucei

Diana López-Farfán, Jean-Mathieu Bart, Domingo I. Rojas-Barros, Miguel Navarro

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004545

Plasma Membrane-Located Purine Nucleotide Transport Proteins Are Key Components for Host Exploitation by Microsporidian Intracellular Parasites

Eva Heinz, Christian Hacker, Paul Dean, John Mifsud, Alina V. Goldberg, Tom A. Williams, Sirintra Nakjang, Alison Gregory, Robert P. Hirt, John M. Lucocq, Edmund R. S. Kunji, T. Martin Embley

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004547

Selective Susceptibility of Human Skin Antigen Presenting Cells to Productive Dengue Virus Infection

Daniela Cerny, Muzlifah Haniffa, Amanda Shin, Paul Bigliardi, Bien Keem Tan, Bernett Lee, Michael Poidinger, Ern Yu Tan, Florent Ginhoux, Katja Fink

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004548

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Blocking Junctional Adhesion Molecule C Enhances Dendritic Cell Migration and Boosts the Immune Responses against Leishmania major

Romain Ballet, Yalin Emre, Stéphane Jemelin, Mélanie Charmoy, Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier, Beat A. Imhof

PLOS Pathogens: published December 4, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004550

Corrections

Correction: Turning Defense into Offense: Defensin Mimetics as Novel Antibiotics Targeting Lipid II

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004611

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Correction: Characteristics of Memory B Cells Elicited by a Highly Efficacious HPV Vaccine in Subjects with No Pre-existing Immunity

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PLOS Pathogens: published December 18, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004612

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Correction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoprotein LprG Binds Lipoarabinomannan and Determines Its Cell Envelope Localization to Control Phagolysosomal Fusion

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PLOS Pathogens: published December 12, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004596

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Correction: Identification of the Microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi as a New Target of the IFNγ-Inducible IRG Resistance System

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PLOS Pathogens: published December 8, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004590

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Correction: Host-Specific Parvovirus Evolution in Nature Is Recapitulated by In Vitro Adaptation to Different Carnivore Species

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PLOS Pathogens: published December 5, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004586

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