Fig 1.
Detection of B cells in CSF of chronic virus infection and/or neuroinflammatory diseases.
(A) Comparison of frequencies of B cells (left) and B cell/monocyte ratio (right) in CSF using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (B) Detection of ASCs subset in B cells of CSF. (Left) Representative dot plots of IgD and CD27 staining in CSF CD19+ B cells of a ND and a HAM/TSP patient. IgD- CD27++ subsets (red rectangles) represent ASCs. (C) Comparison of frequencies of ASCs (left) and absolute number of ASCs (right) in CSF using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean.
Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects for flow cytometric analysis.
Table 2.
Detection of antibody secreting B cells in CSF.
Fig 2.
Antibody responses against HTLV-1 in CSF of HTLV-1-infected subjects.
(A) Comparison of antibody responses against HTLV-1 Gag, Env and Tax in serum and CSF of ACs and HAM/TSP patients using Mann-Whitney Test. (B) Comparison of CSF/serum anti-HTLV-1 Gag, Env and Tax antibody ratio of HAM/TSP patients and ACs using Paired T test or Mann-Whitney Test. All the data were obtained from HAM/TSP patients (n = 44) and ACs (n = 4). The horizontal line represents the mean. (C) Correlation of ASCs in CSF B cells with anti-Gag, anti-Env and anti-Tax antibody index in HAM/TSP patients (n = 11) using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 3.
Detection of memory Tfh cells in CSF of chronic virus infection and/or neuroinflammatory diseases.
(A) Detection of memory Tfh cells in peripheral blood and CSF. Representative dot plots of memory Tfh cells (CXCR5+ CD45RA-; red rectangles) in CD4+ T cells and PD-1 expression in memory Tfh cells of peripheral blood and CSF of a ND and a HAM/TSP patient. (B) Comparison of frequency of memory Tfh cells in CSF using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (C) Comparison of frequency of memory Tfh cells in peripheral blood using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean.
Fig 4.
Detection of CD4+CD25+ T cells in CSF of chronic virus infection and/or neuroinflammatory diseases.
(A) Comparison of frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in CSF using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (B) Comparison of frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (C) Comparison of frequency of FoxP3 in peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ T cells using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (D) Comparison of frequency of CTLA-4 in peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ T cells using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test. The horizontal line represents the mean.
Fig 5.
Correlation between ASC and CD4+ T cell subsets.
(A) Correlation of ASCs with memory Tfh cells in CSF of patients with MS, HAM/TSP, HIV and PML using Spearman’s rank correlation test. (B) Correlation of ASCs with CD4+CD25+ T cells in CSF of patients with HAM/TSP and PML using Spearman’s rank correlation test. (C) Comparison of frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells and ASCs in CSF of HAM/TSP patients between non-progressors and progressors using Mann-Whitney Test. The horizontal line represents the mean. (D) Correlation of ASCs in CSF B cells with disease duration in HAM/TSP patients (n = 32) using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 6.
Involvement of CD4+CD25+ T cells with B cell help in CSF of HAM/TSP patients.
(A) Comparison of HTLV-1 PVL in CSF of ACs (n = 7) and HAM/TSP patients (n = 36) using Mann-Whitney Test. (B) Correlation of HTLV-1 PVL with CD4+CD25+ T cells and memory Tfh cells in HTLV-1-infected subjects using Spearman’s rank correlation test. (C) Comparison of IL-21 in CSF of HAM/TSP patients and ACs using unpaired t test. (D) Representative dot plots of IL-21 and Tax staining in CD4+CD25+ T cells of a ND and a HAM/TSP patient after culture for 24 hours without any exogenous stimulation. (E) Detection of IL-21 in Tax-expressing CD4+CD25+ T cells of HAM/TSP patients after culture for 24 hours without any exogenous stimulation. (F) Generation of ASCs subsets in B cells cultured with and without rhIL-21. The data were obtained from cultured B cells of NDs and HAM/TSP patients (n = 6). The horizontal line represents the mean. (G) Detection of human IgG in the B cell culture supernatants of NDs and HAM/TSP patients. (H) Detection of antibodies for HTLV-1 Gag and Tax in the B cell culture supernatants of HAM/TSP patients.