Figure 1.
Innate immune sensing pathways.
(A) Following non-self RNA binding, RIG-I and MDA5 undergo a conformational change, multimerize, and interact with MAVS through CARD-CARD interactions. This activates the adaptor STING and latent transcription factors IRF-3, IRF-7, and NF-κB to induce expression of IFN-β and IRF-3 target genes; (B) Within the endosomal compartment, TLR3 and TLR7 bind to non-self RNA, interact with their adaptor proteins, and activate IRF-3, IRF-7, and NF-κB dependent gene expression; (C) Upon detection of viral dsRNA or cellular stress signals, the NLPR3 oligomerizes, interacts with ASC, leading to activation of caspase-1 and IL-1β processing. The signaling events and host factors targeted by WNV and DENV proteins are shown.