TNF-α exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating CXCL1 production from macrophages
Fig 6
Protective and detrimental roles of type I IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
(A-C) Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were administered intranasally with 1×105 pfu of the ancestral or Delta P80 virus together with PBS or recombinant mouse IFN-α (1,250 unit) and IFN-β (1.25 ng) (arrow). Weight loss (A and B) and mortality (C) were monitored for 14 days. The dashed line indicates the limit of endpoint (B). (D-H) Six-week-old C57BL/6 WT (D-G), IFNAR1 (G), or MyD88 KO (H) mice infected with 1×105 pfu of the ancestral (D-G) or Delta P80 virus (H) were administered intranasally with PBS or recombinant mouse IFN-α (1,250 unit) and IFN-β (1.25 ng) at 2 (D, G and H), 3 (E), or 4 (F) days p.i. (arrow). Mortality was monitored for 14 days. Each symbol indicates individual values (A and B). Statistical significance was analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (A and B), or two-sided log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (C-H). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.