About the Authors

Siyuan Ding

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Nancie Mooney

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Bin Li

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China

Marcus R. Kelly

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Ningguo Feng

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Alexander V. Loktev

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Adrish Sen

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

John T. Patton

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Peter K. Jackson

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Harry B. Greenberg

hbgreen@stanford.edu

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: SD AVL AS JTP PKJ HBG. Data curation: SD NM. Formal analysis: SD NM MRK. Funding acquisition: HBG. Investigation: SD NM BL NF. Methodology: AVL PKJ. Project administration: HBG. Resources: JTP PKJ HBG. Software: MRK. Supervision: HBG. Validation: SD NM BL NF. Visualization: SD HBG. Writing – original draft: SD HBG. Writing – review & editing: JTP PKJ.