About the Authors

Taha Hirbod

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Xiangrong Kong

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Godgrey Kigozi

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Anthony Ndyanabo

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

David Serwadda

Affiliations Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Jessica L. Prodger

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Aaron A. Tobian

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Fred Nalugoda

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Maria J. Wawer

Affiliations Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Kamnoosh Shahabi

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Olga L. Rojas

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jennifer L. Gommerman

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Kristina Broliden

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Rupert Kaul

Contributed equally to this work with: Rupert Kaul, Ronald H. Gray

rupert.kaul@utoronto.ca

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Ronald H. Gray

Contributed equally to this work with: Rupert Kaul, Ronald H. Gray

Affiliations Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TH XK AAT MJW RK RHG KB JG. Performed the experiments: TH XK AN AAT KB KS OR. Analyzed the data: TH XK AN. Wrote the paper: TH XK GK AN DS JLP AAT FN MJW RK RHG KB OLR JLG KS.