About the Authors

Paul J. McLaren

Contributed equally to this work with: Paul J. McLaren, Cédric Coulonges

Affiliations School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Cédric Coulonges

Contributed equally to this work with: Paul J. McLaren, Cédric Coulonges

Affiliations Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France, ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France

Stephan Ripke

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Leonard van den Berg

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Susan Buchbinder

Affiliation Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Mary Carrington

Affiliations Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andrea Cossarizza

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy

Judith Dalmau

Affiliation AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

Steven G. Deeks

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Olivier Delaneau

Affiliation Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Andrea De Luca

Affiliations University Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy, Institute of Clinical infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy

James J. Goedert

Affiliation Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

David Haas

Affiliation Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Joshua T. Herbeck

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Sekar Kathiresan

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gregory D. Kirk

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Olivier Lambotte

Affiliations INSERM U1012, Bicêtre, France, University Paris-Sud, Bicêtre, France, AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre, France

Ma Luo

Affiliations Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Simon Mallal

Affiliation Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University and Pathwest, Perth, Australia

Daniëlle van Manen

Current address: Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Affiliation Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Javier Martinez-Picado

Affiliations AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

Laurence Meyer

Affiliations ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France, Inserm, CESP U1018, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud; AP-HP, Hopital Bicêtre, Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France

José M. Miro

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

James I. Mullins

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Niels Obel

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, The National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Stephen J. O'Brien

Affiliation Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Florencia Pereyra

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Francis A. Plummer

Affiliations Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Guido Poli

Affiliation Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine & San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Ying Qi

Affiliation Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Pierre Rucart

Affiliations Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France, ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France

Manj S. Sandhu

Affiliations Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom, Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Patrick R. Shea

Affiliation Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Hanneke Schuitemaker

Current address: Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Affiliation Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ioannis Theodorou

Affiliations ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France, INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France

Fredrik Vannberg

Affiliation School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jan Veldink

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Bruce D. Walker

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Amy Weintrob

Affiliation Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Cheryl A. Winkler

Affiliation Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Steven Wolinsky

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Amalio Telenti

Affiliation Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

David B. Goldstein

Affiliation Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Paul I. W. de Bakker

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Genetics Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Jean-François Zagury

Affiliations Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France, ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France

Jacques Fellay

jacques.fellay@epfl.ch

Affiliations School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PJM MC AT DBG PIWdB JFZ JF. Performed the experiments: PJM CC SR. Analyzed the data: PJM CC SR OD PR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LvdB SB MC AC JD SGD ADL JJG DH JTH SK GDK OL ML SM DvM JMP LM JMM JIM NO SJO FP FAP GP YQ MSS PRS HS IT FV JV BDW AW CAW SW AT DBG JFZ JF. Wrote the paper: PJM CC JFZ JF.