About the Authors

Takeshi Noda

Affiliations Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan , International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan , Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan

Hideki Ebihara

Affiliations Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan , Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Yukiko Muramoto

Affiliations Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan , International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan , Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan

Ken Fujii

Affiliations Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan , Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Ayato Takada

¤ Current address: Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Affiliations Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan , Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Sagara

Affiliation Fine Morphology Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Jin Hyun Kim

Affiliation Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Hiroshi Kida

Affiliation Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Heinz Feldmann

Affiliations Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada , Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Yoshihiro Kawaoka

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu

Affiliations International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan , Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Agency, Saitama, Japan , Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan , Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

HK and YK conceived and designed the experiments. TN, HE, YM, KF, AT, HS, and JHK performed the experiments. TN and YK wrote the paper.