https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6898-9201
Figures
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder, currently affecting ~7 million people worldwide. PD is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with at least 10% of all cases explained by a monogenic cause or strong genetic risk factor. However, the vast majority of our present data on monogenic PD is based on the investigation of patients of European White ancestry, leaving a large knowledge gap on monogenic PD in underrepresented populations. Gene-targeted therapies are being developed at a fast pace and have started entering clinical trials. In light of these developments, building a global network of centers working on monogenic PD, fostering collaborative research, and establishing a clinical trial-ready cohort is imperative. Based on a systematic review of the English literature on monogenic PD and a successful team science approach, we have built up a network of 59 sites worldwide and have collected information on the availability of data, biomaterials, and facilities. To enable access to this resource and to foster collaboration across centers, as well as between academia and industry, we have developed an interactive map and online tool allowing for a quick overview of available resources, along with an option to filter for specific items of interest. This initiative is currently being merged with the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2), which will attract additional centers with a focus on underrepresented sites. This growing resource and tool will facilitate collaborative research and impact the development and testing of new therapies for monogenic and potentially for idiopathic PD patients.
Citation: Vollstedt E-J, Madoev H, Aasly A, Ahmad-Annuar A, Al-Mubarak B, Alcalay RN, et al. (2023) Establishing an online resource to facilitate global collaboration and inclusion of underrepresented populations: Experience from the MJFF Global Genetic Parkinson’s Disease Project. PLoS ONE 18(10): e0292180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292180
Editor: Amina Nasri, Clinical Investigation Center, TUNISIA
Received: January 27, 2023; Accepted: September 14, 2023; Published: October 3, 2023
Copyright: © 2023 Vollstedt et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data underlying the results presented in the study are available from https://gp2networkdev.wpengine.com/monogenic-resource-map/.
Funding: CK received a grant for this project by the Michael J Fox Foundation (ID 15015.03, https://www.michaeljfox.org/). Roger Barker and Caroline Williams-Gray are supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders reviewed the study design and suggested additional items for the survey. They had no role in data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Roy N. Alcalay received consulting fees from Avrobio, Caraway, Ono Therapeutics, GSK, Merck, Sanofi, Janssen and grants from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, DOD, the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, and the NIH. Melinda Barkhuizen received a PhD scholarship from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 89230 and 98217) and internal funding from the research center where the study was conducted (DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, South Africa); Ampath Pathology laboratories in South Africa donated services in the form of drawing participant blood for DNA extractions, Several neurologists in South Africa assisted the authors with identifying patients with Parkinson`s disease and referring them to the genotyping study; the North-West University, South Africa provided Ethical oversight and approval of the genotyping project. Vincenzo Bonifati received grants from Stichting Parkinson Fonds (Netherlands) and Alzheimer Nederland, he received honoraria from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS), for lectures and as Chair of the International Congress Scientific Program Committee (2020-2021), and from Elsevier Ltd. as co-Editor in Chief of the journal Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (2018-current); he is unpaid member of the Stichting Parkinson Fonds (Netherlands). Kathrin Brockmann received grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; PDStrat; FKZ 031L0137B) and from the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), consulting fees from Abbvie, Lundbeck, UCB, Zambon, Roche, and honoraria from Abbvie and UCB. Jordi Clarimon is full-time employee at Lundbeck A/S (Denmark). Mario Cornejo-Olivas has subcontracts with Cleveland Clinic and San Marcos Foundation for recruiting participants for the LARGE PD study in Peru. Jean-Christophe Corvol received grants from Sanofi and the Michael J. Fox Foundation, consulting fees from Biogen, UCB, Denali, Idorsia, Prevail therapeutics, Theranexus, and honoraria from Biogen. Joana Damásio received honoraria from Zambon Pharmaceuticals. Anna De Rosa received grants for ROPAD – the Rostock International Parkinson’s Disease Study, sponsored by Centogene and grants from Zambon and AIFA (Italian Agency of Drug), and she is member of the advisory board at BIAL. Joaquim Ferreira received grants from Fundação MSD (Portugal), Novartis, Medtronic, and Abbvie, and lecture fees from Lundbeck, Abbvie, BIAL, Biogen, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, ONO, Affiris, and Zambon, payment for expert testimony from Novartis, and he participates in advisory boards of Lundbeck, Abbvie, BIAL, Affiris, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, and Zambon; he is employed by CNS (Campus Néurologico Sénior) and the Medical Faculty of Lisbon. Emilia Gatto received consulting fees from Bago Argentina, honoraria from Bago Argentina,UCB, IPMDS, and Europharm, and participates in advisory boards of Bago Argentina and UCB. Nir Giladi received grants from the Michael J Fox Foundation, The National Parkinson Foundation, The European Union, The Israel Science Foundation Teva, NNE program, Biogen, Ionis, Sieratzki Family Foundation, and The Aufzien Academic Center in Tel-Aviv University; he holds royalties or licenses at Lysosomal Therapeutics (LTI); he received consulting fees from Sionara, NeuroDerm, Pharma2B, Denali, Neuron23, Sanofi-Genzyme, Biogen, and Abbvie; he received honoraria from Abbvie, Sanofi-Genzyme, and the Movement Disorder Society. Nobutaka Hattori received grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS; 18H04043, 21H04820, 19K22603), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; JP20dm0307101, JP20dm0207070, JP20ek0109358, JP19ek0109393, JP19gm0710011, JP19km0405206), Health Labour Sciences Research Grant (20FC1049, H29-FC1-062, H29-FC1-033), and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2024-5); he participates in advisory boards at Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, Novartis Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Biogen Idec Japan, and Kissei Pharmaceutical; he receives consulting fees from Hisamitsu Pharma; he received honoraria from Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, AbbVie GK, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Novartis Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, FP Pharmaceutical, Eisai, Kissei Pharmaceutical, Nihon Medi-physics, and Daiichi Sankyo; he received payment for expert testimony from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma; he received support for attending meeting from Takeda Pharmaceutical, and Kyowa Kirin; he has 17 patents planned or pending and 5 issued; he is Team Leader at the Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science; he holds equity stock (8%) of PARKINSON Laboratories Co. Ltd., unrelated to the submitted work. Silvia Jesús has received grants from “Consejería de Salud y Familias” PI-0459-2018, “acción B Clínicos-Investigdores” B-0007-2019 and from the “instituto de Salud Carlos III” PI-18/01898; she received honoraria from Abbvie, Bial, Merz, UCB, Italfarmaco, Zambon and Server. Valtteri Kaasinen received grants from Turku University Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, and the Finnish Cultural Foundation; he received consulting fees from Nordic Infucare, Abbvie, and Adamant Health; he received honoraria from Nordic Infucare and Abbvie; he received Support for attending meetings and/or travel from Nordic Infucare; he participates on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board at Nordic Infucare and Abbvie; he is board member of the Finnish Neurological Society. Christine Klein received royalties from Oxford University Press; she received consulting fees from Centogene and Retromer Therapeutics; she received payment or honoraria from Desitin Pharma; she received support to attend meetings from the Movement Disorder Society; she participates on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board at the Else Kroener Fresenius Foundation. Peter Klivenyi received honoraria from Abbvie and Medtronic. Vladimir Kostic received Grant 17590 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; he received honoraria from Novartis and Boehringer Ingelheim. Shen-Yang Lim received the following grants, (i) Stipend - Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2) Working Group Co-Lead Award, from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, (ii) Michael J. Fox Foundation (Grant 18305: "Identifying leucocyte and urine biomarkers in PD patients with LRRK2 G2385R variant"). George Mellick received grants from the National Health and Medical Research Foundation, Australia (APP1151854, APP1084560). Lukasz Milanowski received grants from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Iwanowska’s Fellowship PPN/IWA/2018/1/00006/U/00001/01, the APDA, the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) and the Haworth Family Professorship in Neurodegenerative Diseases Fund. Pablo mir received grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTC2019-007150-1), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ISCIII-FEDER, PI19/01576), and the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social de la Junta de Andalucía (PE-0210-2018); he received payment or honoraria for lectures from Abbvie, Abbott, and Zambon; he received Support for attending meetings and travel from Abbvie. Shalini Padmanabhan is employed by the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Andreas Puschmann received grants from Region Skåne, Sweden, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden, The Swedish Parkinson Academy, The Swedish Parkinson Foundation (Parkinsonfonden), MultiPark – a strategic research environment at Lund University, and Bundy Academy, Sweden; he received honoraria from Elsevier (Associate editor for Parkinsonism and Related Disorders), from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS), and from the International Association of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders; he received support for travels from the International Association of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders; he is board member of the International Association of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. Mariana Spitz received funding from Centogene for the ROPAD study; she received support for travels from Roche. Justin Solle is employed by the Michel J. Fox Foundation. Oksana Suchowersky received grants from Roche and WaveLifeSciences; she holds royalties or licenses at UpToDate; she received consulting fees from Abbvie and Sunovion; she received honoraria from the World Parkinson Conference; she participates in advisory boards at Alexion; she is board member of the Parkinson Society Alberta. Pichet Termsarasab received book royalties from Elsevier and Springer Nature Switzerland; he received honoraria for manuscript writing from MedLink Neurology and for lectures from Viatris. Bart van de Warrenburg received grants from Radboudumc, ZonMW, Hersenstichting, Gossweiler Foundation, and the Michael J Fox Foundation; he holds royalties or licenses at BSL Springer Nature; he received consulting fees from uniQure; he received honoraria from UKM Medical Center Kuala Lumpur; he participates in Medical advisory board of patient organizations (unpaid); he is unpaid member of Steering committees or executive boards of various research consortia; he received a wearable sensor set by Brugling Fund/Hersenstichting. Caroline H. Williams-Gray collaborates with Astra-Zeneca on the microbiome in Parkinson’s disease; she received consultancy fees from Modus Outcomes and Evidera, Inc./GlaxoSmithKline; she received honoraria from Profile Pharma Limited. Eva-Juliane Vollstedt, Harutyun Madoev, Anna Aasly, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Bashayer Al-Mubarak, Victoria Alvarez, Ignacio Amorin, Grazia Annesi, David Arkadir, Soraya Bardien, Roger A. Barker, A. Nazli Basak, Agnita Boon, Laura Brighina, Andrea Carmine Belin, Jonathan Carr, Leonor Correia Guedes, David Crosiers, Parimal Das, Patricia de Carvalho Aguiar, Jolanta Dorszewska, Sibel Ertan, Rosangela Ferese, Gençer Genç, Pilar Gómez-Garre, Hasmet Hanagasi, Faycal Hentati, Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska, Sergey N. Illarioshkin, Joseph Jankovic, Anneke Kievit, Dariusz Koziorowski, Andrea A. Kühn, Anthony E. Lang, Chin-Hsien Lin, Katja Lohmann, Vladana Markovic, Mika Henrik Martikainen, Marcelo Merello, Özgür Öztop-Çakmak, Márcia Mattos Gonçalves Pimentel, Teeratorn Pulkes, Ekaterina Rogaeva, Esther M. Sammler, Maria Skaalum Petersen, Matej Skorvanek, Ai Huey Tan, Avner Thaler, Vitor Tumas, Enza Maria Valente, Ruey-Mei Wu, Baorong Zhang, and Alexander Zimprich report no conflict of interest. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
As technologies for genetic testing are rapidly developing and are becoming more cost-effective, rare disorders and also rare subtypes of common disorders can increasingly be characterized genetically and thus stratified into genetically defined subgroups. This provides the basis not only to investigate disease mechanisms further but also to develop and test gene-targeted therapies. Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most rapidly growing neurodegenerative disorder [1] can serve as a model disease for this approach, as PD is a common disorder affecting about 7 million people worldwide in 2022, including an estimated 700,000–840,000 (10–12%) hereditary cases with pathogenic genetic variants (monogenic PD and PD due to strong genetic risk factors). In light of the development of gene-targeted therapies for PD, identifying and characterizing carriers of specific genetic pathogenic variants is imperative.
Only a small fraction of the estimated number of subjects with monogenic PD worldwide are currently represented in the literature [2–5]. Most study centers publishing in the English language are located in Europe and North America [6]. There is evidence for variable penetrance and expressivity of the disease across populations and ethnicities in monogenic forms of PD [2]. However, the majority of published cases are reported to be White and originate from Europe or North America, whereas most African, Asian, and South American populations, especially indigenous people, are highly underrepresented. Little is known about the actual worldwide epidemiology, frequency of population-specific variants, and possible local factors influencing the manifestation and course of the disease. Notably, even for published cases, the availability of detailed genetic and clinical data is limited, and genetically stratified clinical trial-ready cohorts are highly sought after.
Global collaboration both within academic research and with the pharmaceutical industry is paramount to expanding our knowledge of disease mechanisms, developing gene-targeted medications, and testing them in clinical trials. Building an international network of researchers from academia and industry will facilitate including more underrepresented populations in investigations and trials, both by enhancing the visibility of existing study centers and by providing genetic testing facilities. To open this network to new members and specifically allow researchers or clinicians from currently underrepresented countries to engage in these collaborative efforts, we established an online resource that provides an overview of centers worldwide working on monogenic PD and their facilities. While this effort sprung from the MJFF Global Genetic Parkinson’s Disease Project [6], it has recently been integrated into the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2, https://gp2.org/), which will build global will and capacity while addressing emerging research questions in PD genetics [7].
Methods
How to find eligible centers?
Performing a systematic literature review on monogenic PD in the English literature [3, 4], our group identified the need for a new, systematic, and global approach to obtain more detailed clinical and genetic data from individuals with monogenic PD. Starting in March 2018, we contacted by email all corresponding authors from articles that we had included in the review and ran an online survey to collect information on the number of subjects with monogenic PD they follow, along with available clinical and genetic data. In a second step, we invited all researchers to provide individual case-level data and offered a small per-case fee to reimburse them for their effort to retrieve and enter the data in another online survey. The vast majority of participating centers expressed enthusiasm about our project, their strong interest in being part of the emerging study group, and support for further collaborative efforts.
To establish the online resource, we contacted all participating researchers, including their collaborators (n = 112). We received responses from 59 centers (53%) in 36 countries on all inhabited continents (Europe (n = 33), North (n = 4) and South America (n = 8), Asia (n = 10), Australia (n = 1), Africa (n = 3)). All centers have agreed to be contacted by researchers and the pharmaceutical industry, while the majority of centers (n = 41, 69%) would prefer not to be contacted directly but to have requests filtered first. The Monogenic Network of GP2 will handle collaboration requests. All participants provided written informed consent to the publication of the provided data. The ethics committee of the University of Lübeck confirmed that no ethical approval was required for this study.
How to obtain the data of interest?
An essential part of this project was communication and information. Having identified eligible researchers, we sent out information emails about our project and kept all participants updated in regular progress emails. To further improve the retention rate, we ensured a quick response in case of any queries and consistently named a specific contact person. When designing the survey, we aimed at providing an accessible online format, allowing different browser types and devices (again, our team was available and provided help in case of any technical difficulties), kept it brief, and phrased questions in a concise and explicit way (Table 1). Whenever possible, questions were designed to allow single-choice answers only, and free text fields were limited to maximize comparison between centers. For convenience, already available information (such as the name and location of the study center) was prefilled by our team. Participants received an invitation email including a link to their individual survey. Once complete, the survey was submitted by the participant. We sent out two rounds of reminder emails, personally addressing each participant, to improve the response rate and make sure all invitees received their email and got the opportunity to present their study center.
After completing the survey, we reviewed the data and double-checked for any inaccurate entries. In case of ambiguity, we reached out to the respective researcher for approval of the correction. After this first round of quality checks, we programmed the online tool and uploaded the provided data. In a second round of quality checks and to allow for possible updates, we invited all participants to review and verify the provided data and obtained permission to publish the presented resource. Regular updates of the resource and map will be provided biannually, and ongoing projects and trials using the network will be listed on the website to facilitate further collaboration while avoiding duplication of efforts.
Results
Our two-part online tool is now available at https://gp2networkdev.wpengine.com/monogenic-resource-map/. Firstly, it includes a searchable online table that allows for filtering for specific characteristics of interest (e.g., location of the center, available facilities, Table 1). Second, a map displays the locations of all research centers and provides individual profiles with information on each center (Fig 1).
This world map displays the distribution of all participating centers worldwide. The pins mark the location of the study centers. Clicking on a pin opens the respective study center profile. The profiles summarize information on the site and the availability of demographic and clinical data, biomaterials, methods, and facilities and provide information on other collaborative projects that the study center is part of.
The average number of new PD patients per year reported by the participants until May 2022 is 196. Genetic testing is regularly performed by 37 (63%) of the centers, and the costs are predominantly covered by in-house or external funding sources (39%), followed by coverage by health insurance and the patients themselves (10% each). The availability of biomaterials varies depending on how difficult they are to obtain, ranging from 53 centers (90%) reporting the availability of DNA for at least a subset of cases to 8 centers (14%) reporting the availability of brain tissue (Fig 2). Laboratory facilities that are part of the standard clinical workup like serum and plasma handling, are more frequently available (at 53 centers, 90%) than more specific ones that are more costly or require special training, such as the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (at 24 centers, 41%; Fig 3).
Number of centers reporting availability of the listed biomaterials. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA: Ribonucleic acid, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells.
Number of centers reporting availability of the listed methods and facilities. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, SPECT/PET: Single-photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography, TCS: transcranial sonography.
Discussion and conclusions
Using a powerful team science approach, we have established a global network of academic centers involved in the clinical care of patients with monogenic PD and with a high interest in collaboration, research, and gene-targeted therapies for PD. Based on a systematic search of the world literature on monogenic PD published in the English language, we have tried to be as inclusive as possible. We have set up the project to serve as a growing resource open to all interested participants. Having focused our initial approach on articles in published in English is a limitation, as we certainly missed centers engaged in the care of patients with monogenic PD who did not publish on this topic or in a language other than English. This includes predominantly centers from regions with high percentages of underrepresented populations. In order to actively broaden this network and to reach out to active centers that have not yet published on monogenic PD (in English), the MJFF Global Genetic Parkinson’s Disease Project is currently being merged within GP2, which presently includes 119 centers that will be approached to join this effort if not yet part of the network. Information on GP2 is already available in several languages (https://gp2networkdev.wpengine.com/monogenic-resource-map/), including Arabic, Mandarin, French, German, Japanese, and Spanish. Through this merger, we expect the resource to proliferate and, most importantly, to include an increasing number of previously underrepresented populations and centers.
To facilitate access to this resource and to foster collaboration across centers, as well as between academia and industry, we have developed an interactive map and online tool allowing for a quick overview and descriptive statistics on available data, materials, and facilities, as well as for filtering for specific items of interest, for example, centers who have induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines of PRKN mutation carriers.
We will exploit and expand existing networks through this project and resource to make more clinical and research centers visible and study subjects available to the clinical and basic PD research community. Furthermore, such studies will spur collaborations across global clinical sites and between academia and industry, thus facilitating and expediting the testing of new therapies in relevant PD genetic subtypes. Given the emerging knowledge about disease mechanisms contributing to PD pathogenesis, our hope is that different subpopulations of idiopathic PD subjects would also benefit from these large genetic cohort-based efforts.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all contributing researchers for supporting this project.
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